A Didactical Attempt to Compare the Newscasts of BBC World and CNN International, by Means of Applied Linguistics and Content Analysis

A DIDACTICAL ATTEMPT TO COMPARE THE NEWSCASTS OF BBC WORLD AND CNN INTERNATIONAL, BY MEANS OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS AND CONTENT ANALYSIS

A BBC WORLD ÉS A CNN INTERNATIONAL TELEVÍZIÓS CSATORNÁK HÍRADÁSAINAK ÖSSZEHASONLÍTÁSA ALKALMAZOTT NYELVÉSZETI ÉS TARTALOMELEMZÉSI SZEMPONTOK SZERINT

1. Abstract ....................................................................................... 1

2. A szakdolgozat tartalmi kivonata ................................................. 2

3. Introduction to the Dissertation .................................................... 4

4. About News Channels in General, CNN and BBC World ............ 6

5. The Antecedents of the Research and the Dissertation ...............12

6. The Analysis of the Data, Verbal Communication ..................... 18

7. The Analysis of the Data, Non-Verbal Communication .............. 25

8. Other possibilities of comparison, suggestions for further

examinations .............................................................................. 30

9. Conclusion ................................................................................. 32

10. Using Television Newscasts in Teaching .................................. 34

11. Bibliography ............................................................................ 37

12. Supplementary Material ........................................................... 38

In my dissertation I will examine, from as many angle as possible the differences between the two television news services BBC World and CNN International. To do this background information was collected about the channels, and I also carried out a linguistics and content analysis oriented observation including three nine o'clock newscasts recorded from the two channels.

In the introduction those facts will be outlined which directed me to the chosen topic, and which probably prove the relevance of the thesis as well. Then I will characterize the two channels including many quotations in order to prove that there is a significant difference between the two channels' approaches and conceptions concerning the newscasts. Also, at this point I will appoint the objectives of the following analysis, which is to prove the legitimacy of my hypotheses. A more detailed description of the research can be found in the third part where I describe the circumstances which played important roles in the development and structure of the research itself. This section also serves as an explanatory part for all the observed categories and classifications which are to be found in a complete form in the charts at the end of the dissertation.

The main part of the thesis is concerned with the analysis of the collected data, and I also included some of my own ideas when evaluating the measured results (see the section `Conclusion'),. After the main part I will give a description of further research which is missing from my study yet is possible to execute and would give an additional depth to the examination. Afterwards, I will make suggestions about how English newscasts can be utilized in English classes.

Szakdolgozatom témája két angol nyelvû televíziós hírcsatorna, a BBC World és a CNN International összehasonlítása alkalmazott nyelvészeti szempontból, a tartalomelemzés eszközeinek segítségével. A dolgozatomhoz felhasznált minta nagysága és maguk a módszerek sem jogosítanak arra, hogy tudományos érvényû megfigyeléseket végezzek, ez a munka mintegy a nyelvészet és tartalomelemzés által kezembe helyezett módszerek didaktikai demonstrációjaként kezelendõ.

A bevezetõ részben megkísérlem felvázolni a kizárólag hírközléssel foglalkozó televíziós csatornák különlegesnek mondható szerepét a média világában, ezenkívül a témaválasztás indoklása is itt kap helyet. A következõ fejezetben elõbb a televíziós hírközlésrõl általában, majd a két vizsgált csatornáról részletesebben írok. Itt található minden olyan háttérinformáció, mely a késõbbiekben felmerülõ eltérésekre részben magyarázatként szolgál. A negyedik fejezetben azokat a tényezõket gyûjtöm össze, melyek a tanulmány és ezt megelõzõen a vizsgálat elkészítésében fontos szerepet játszottak. Itt írom le, pontosan hogyan végeztem el a megfigyelést, ebben a részben fejtem ki az alapgondolatot, amelyet az adatok tükrében a késõbbiekben újra megvizsgálok, ez pedig a két hírcsatorna hírközlési szisztémájában, stratégiájában fellelhetõ különbség. Ez, pontosabban a CNNI által képviselt gyors, hatékony, élõ közvetítésekre alapuló hírközlését jelenti, amivel szemben a BBC World által képviselt konzervatív, interpretáló hírközlés áll. Ezt a tézist számos idézettel támasztom alá. Ugyanebben a fejezetben kerül még sor a vizsgálat során használt kategóriák, módszerek bemutatására.

Maga az elemzés két nagyobb fejezetbõl áll. Az elsõben a hírmûsorokban megfigyelt verbális kommunikáció jelenségeit, eszközeit vizsgálom és mérem különbözõ kategóriák szerint (a híregységek hossza idõben és szavak számában, az illusztráció mértéke, a szó/perc értékek elemzése, a híreken belüli sorrend értékelése, kategorizálás aszerint, hogy bemondó, riporter, szekértõ mondta-e el a híregységet stb.). A második részben a hírmûsorok alatt látható non-verbális kommunikációs eszközöket vizsgálom (mosoly, homlokráncolás, hajigazítás, bólintás stb.). Itt a bemondók, riporterek és szakértõk által használt jelzéseket vizsgálom, melyek akarva-akaratlanul jelen vannak, ráadásul a két csatornán eltérõ formában. Mindkét fejezetben, amennyiben jelentõs és értékelhetõ különbség észlelhetõ a két csatorna sajátságaiban, magyarázattal is próbálok szolgálni az eltérésre. A tanulmányból levonható következményeket a "Conclusion" fejezetben foglalom össze, mely egyben le is zárja a dolgozatot.

Ezután található még egy módszertani rész, melyben felvázolom, miként lehetne angol órán hasznosítani a hírmûsorokat. A függelékben található a hírek teljes szövege angolul, valamint az a táblázat, amely a dolgozatban felhasznált adatokat tartalmazza.

By the end of the twentieth century, as the information revolution resulted in an overload of information and people got hundreds of news pieces each day, television had become one of the most popular and effective way of communication. One can rightfully assume that the information that people get is filtered through several phases until it acquires its final form and reaches its destination. Also, any information broadcasted on television coming from different sources can almost be interpreted freely, so to say subjectively and can have an end in itself as well. Not only does the interpretation and the content depend on the editors and producers, but also the right to decide what we will focus on and which news pieces are not worth including in the newscast, in a word these people are the ones who have the right to decide what is important for the viewers. In this way the editors and producers and thus television has an enormous effect on forming the public opinion and viewpoint.

It also seems obvious that news media has acquired an extremely important position in the fields of economy, politics and issues concerning society. If we accept the fact that those personalities and institutions which appear in the news media want to create the best possible image of themselves, we must also acknowledge the fact that they have the means to that. For example to only mention the two examined television channels, on CNNI it is highly unlikely that any negative criticism of any Warner Brothers production will appear, since CNN is part of the Time Warner Media Corporation. Similarly, it would be unimaginable to hear any serious criticism of the British Government on BBC World since this institution is directly funded by the government.

The above mentioned CNNI and BBC World are international news televisions. These types of television channels are the products of the late twentieth century, and by their nature they have even more power in forming the public opinion than those channels which only partially deal with international news. The professional news televisions have the quickest and most efficient ways of acquiring news pieces from around the world, and have a twenty four hour news service and staff to organize and broadcast the newscasts. These organizations that are the center of information and serve as a "lighthouse" for the international audiences have an extremely important role in today's globalizing societies.

However, for several explicit and implicit reasons we can not find two newscasts that are completely alike. In the dissertation I will try to work out a method that will help to reveal the existing differences between the nine o'clock newscasts of the two most prominent news televisions: BBC World and CNN International. This will include differences resulting from culture and background, which then directly lead to some significant differences. Using the means of content analysis I will collect data about the two newscasts and make some conclusions about the way these organizations carry out a newscast. And here it must also be stated that any conclusion, statement, data or opinion that appears in this thesis is part of a demonstrative attempt, a didactical trial of what can be achieved by using the means of linguistics. Neither the size of the measured sample nor the uncompleted process of qualifying and evaluating the data allows me to develop a totally valid conclusion, in fact this dissertation only serves for revealing and commenting on the observed facts, which are to be validated by further, more organized, scientific research. Also I would add here that since media-studies are now included in the National Curriculum (NAT), a great importance can be seen in the examination and evaluation of any media based communication, because that is how the audiences - with a special emphasis on children - will transform from a passive to an understanding level.

The upsurge of international news television is dated around 1990, the turn of the decade. It was the time when the Tiananmen Square Massacre took place, the Berlin Wall was demolished and the War in the Persian Gulf came about. All these events were broadcasted live on television. Those channels that managed to take the best pictures and televise the most up to date events on their newscasts could attract millions of viewers in front of their television sets at home and abroad as well. People in today's global societies not only watch national newscasts, but also watch international news more and more, because things that happen in other parts of the world may affect their lives as well. Following the parallel tendencies of globalisation, it soon became clear that there is a huge market opening for those organizations that offer international news for international audiences.

Earlier, major networks all over the world, apart from using the material of international television news agencies, maintained a considerable number of foreign bureaus in the strategically important cities, in order to produce their own independent news services. When CNN International (Cable News Network), BBC World (British Broadcasting Corporation) and other news-channels emerged producing news twenty four hours a day, the traditional way of getting the news to the audiences was challenged, therefore those big networks who were not entirely news oriented slowly began to retreat from previously important regions, and also began to depend more on news agencies.¹ That does not mean of course that people tend to watch news channels when they seek national or international information. The significance is only apparent when a highly important international event takes place such as the Persian Gulf War. A survey from 1993 showed that while at any given moment only 1 percent of the population of the United States watches CNN, during any week 25 percent of the population will have checked in with CNN, and this rate can be similar to BBC World's ratings.² On the other hand, it is bigger responsibility for the newsmakers as well, since anything they put on screen is virtually accessible in every corner of the world. In 1990, CNN, for example, wanted to broadcast tapes which contained conversations between the then deposed Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega and his lawyer. CNN sued by Noriega finally won the case, as judges found that there was nothing that would hurt Mr. Noriega's rights.³ There are, of course, other international news televisions like EuroNews which is the project of the European Union, or Sky News owned by Ruppert Murdoch the media baron, and there were attempts to establish a Japanese international TV as well, but these two (CNNI and BBC World) are certainly the most prominent ones.⁴ CNN International and BBC World also have the advantage of using their mother tongue as information carrier, which has also become the language of the global economy and diplomacy, although it is still the language of the elite in many countries.

CNN was founded by American Ted Turner in 1980, and from the first moment he had an international vision for his network. After establishing cable and later satellite transmissions in the United States, CNN was soon accessible in Japan and by 1985 CNN International began its service in Europe. By 1988 CNNI was on the Soviet satellite Satsionar, which extended its scope to the Soviet Union, the Middle-East and Africa.⁵ The network is regulated by laws ⁶ which concern all the other U.S. networks, and from the beginning it has worked as a business enterprise. That means that like any other commercial channels, CNNI earns money from its subscribers and also from the advertisements it transmits. But, in addition CNNI receives revenue from hotels, from those broadcasters who use CNN's material and also from those who get news through CNNI. CNN began to operate on a relatively short budget in 1980. Of course it had to employ prominent news stars, such as Bernard Shaw (became popular once again during the Gulf War) from ABC News and Daniel Schorr from CBS News, because they could not have run a successful business without them, and these personalities also had great experience in the news business. But aside from these well-paid professionals, Ted Turner only employed either people from out of the major television markets or young people just out of college with no fixed working hours so as to make the new computerized news operation working. Following the great success of the Gulf War, CNN's position was stabilized and through the 1996 merger between Time Warner and Turner's global channels CNN became part of a media giant which still earns around 25 billion dollars a year. ⁷

Although most audience ratings do not show news channels as being prominent, still many people buy them when it comes time to chose which channels to have on cable. Robert Ross Turner Broadcasting System's vice president explains: "I think people buy CNN not because they want to watch it at this particular point of time, but they buy it for the option to watch it when they want to, which is to say when something important happens which is worth watching. And this is how you explain that CNN has such low rating yet so many people have bought it".⁸ CNN gains its information from news agencies, the two most influential being AP (Associated Press) and Reuters. The channel also gets pieces of news from its network of affiliates, such as ZDF in Germany or TV Asashi in Japan. This system provides news which is not home-made but produced by the affiliates and so it also represents a national view point as well. In return CNN gives its other materials to the affiliates which they can use in their national newscasts. The most radical and efficient new method CNN's leaders carried out was the so called "live philosophy". CNN's vice president Stuart Loory explains: "We used to talk about it in the early years - the idea that we take our viewers with us to the scenes of the story, and we give them the opportunity to be the journalists along with us. And that is to assimilate the information and make up their own minds about just what is it they're seeing or hearing".⁹ It is clear that CNN set new standards with its unusual way of news making, and this made it hard for its followers to deny the fact that they were organized in a similar way.

The predecessor of BBC World, WSTV (World Service Television) - which at its start carried entertainment programs as well - began broadcasting in 1991, and from the beginning it had to cope with the newly formed traditions that CNN has shaped. As John Tusa managing director of BBC World Service said: "It is now recognized that for Britain not to have been in the international TV business during the Gulf crisis was a major strategic error".¹⁰ BBC World, the news channel was established in 1992. The channel being part of the BBC group is financed by the government, and clearly is a pillar to form the opinion of the audiences, but still it has to prove to its owner as often as possible that it is profitable and strategically important to maintain BBC World. Of course, one can wonder whether Britain being a member of the United Nations and so joint organizer of EuroNews, needs another separate news television. It is clear that the business interest of BBC World is somewhat restricted, since advertisements cannot appear on BBC World. However, BBC earns extra income through the sale of programmes overseas, as well as books, videos, tapes and other products linked to BBC programmes. In 1997 it earned around 3 billion dollars through its sales.¹¹

BBC acquires information from news agencies (AP, Reuters) and uses a joint venture form with its partners to expand in the global market. BBC emphasizes the traditional, conservative values of the channel, as Michael Checkland says: "Ted Turner rather likes to take risks on the market responding. Our joint ventures are a valuable thing".¹² One thing that BBC officials always emphasized is that they wanted to create an international news television which is only by accident situated in London. The clear aim of the channel was to quickly cover those areas which CNN has not covered yet and which BBC has an

advantage on. This means that the lasting influence of the British in the ex-empire countries enabled them to make convenient agreements with national televisions. First BBC World aimed its broadcasts to Europe, and in 1991 it also made an agreement with Hong-Kong based TV organizations to broadcast in Asia. This broadcast was carried on AsiaSat and was named WSTV Asian Service, which also broadcasted in vernacular languages like Mandarin to attract as wide an audience as possible. In India, for example, according to Michael Checkland, 80 percent of viewers with access to international channels watch BBC World, seven times the number for CNN.¹³ BBC World is also trying to get on the air on the American continent, and in 1992 it has made an agreement with Canadian CBC to carry a nightly half hour BBC World newscast. Similarly, Hungary's MTV1 made a similar agreement and people could watch BBC World's newscast subtitled during the evenings.¹⁴

BBC is trying to maintain the image that it has formed during the times, and it is the high-mindedness of the traditional English culture. The main idea in the newscasts of BBC World is to give a deeper analysis and a broader interpretation of the news. Michael Checkland explains: "CNN's strength is the strength of America. It's a window for the world on the most powerful and influential country on the planet as well as a look on the rest of the world through that country's window. The BBC's strength is the range and depth of its coverage and its international tradition".¹⁵

No one doubts that London, BBC's headquarters, and Washington, CNN's headquarters, are both centers of international information but there is clearly an existing rivalry between the two channels. Here the illustration for the existence of such a conflict will follow, with as many quotations as possible, which will best explain why the chosen topic of the dissertation is relevant. There were several cases when the two network's officials expressed their opinions about the other channel. Here, BBC's Michael Checkland draws up the essence of the existence of BBC World: "It is very important to spread our traditions around the world". BBC's Christopher Irwin criticizes the way CNN achieved its success: "One danger is if you go to a press conference and turn on a camera and think that's journalism. It's not." And he goes even further - emphasizing the different concepts of BBC World and CNN - by saying: "Journalism relies at least as much on depth of knowledge as on actuality". On the other side, CNN's Robert Ross expresses his opinion about the basic difference between the two news-channels: "BBC likes to say that their network is strong on analysis, and they'll spend ten minutes explaining to people the background, the implications, the history. We don't do that. We give them three minutes of `here's what's happened.' They criticize us for what we do, and we find their style quite condescending and supercilious". BBC's Michael Checkland says the bottomline: "There's room for both CNN and BBC World in a market that's just beginning to open up. Of course we'll be in competition, but we're not offering the same product. Peter Vesey, CNNI's vice president replies: "Our feeling is that the competition is good for us and good for the BBC".¹⁶ So we can see that there is a continuous struggle (including even the general conception of journalism) between the two channels which will be examined by measures of applied linguistics in the followings.

In the next few paragraphs I will try to outline all those facts and information, which have influenced me in choosing the aims of the study, and influenced the way the research itself was carried out, which inevitably contains the full description of the categories used in the research. And here it must also be stated that the nature of the research and the study is a sort of didactical one questioning the possibilities of the techniques of applied linguistics and content analysis. Therefore any statements and even conclusions made about the results cannot be considered scientifically relevant. However, I still dared to do so in some cases, because I consider this study as a possible antecedent of a more detailed study, so when opinion is expressed I also accept the possible inaccuracy of the data from which statements are made.¹⁷

The original conception, when setting up the objectives of the dissertation was to compare the newscasts of six channels namely the newscasts of American CNN International, the London based BBC World and the Hungarian Duna TV, RTL Klub, MTV1 and TV2 channels. This inquiry would have been concerned with shorter intervals of time, maximum three days of continuous recording and monitoring of all these channels, which have a daily average of two longer newscasts. It was also an objective to find an internationally important event, because that would have been present in all six newscasts, and the difference between the interpretation or presentation of the same event would have probably been significant. This detailed, would have meant the recording of 480 minutes per day, and since our plan was to examine the antecedents and the after-effects as well, a total of 1440 minutes would have served as a subject for inquiry. One serious disadvantage of the original plan was that we wanted to compare the two 24 hour news televisions (CNNI and BBC World) with the Hungarian channels which also carry educational and entertainment programs. In addition to that there is sometimes a 12 hour gap between the event getting aired on the news channels and getting aired on the Hungarian newscasts. This would have meant the expansion of the recording period as well.

Another factor which made the research more complex was that originally this project would have been a pair work with my classmate András Szilágyi. This would have meant the division of the work and the analysis, so consequently there would have been parts in the work where we would have had to make distinctions between his and my observations resulting from different viewpoints or personalities. This factor is rightfully taken into consideration - and also requires many pages in didactical works about language and contextual analysis¹⁸ -, when the size of the project demands trained observers who do the data processing part of the work, which would consequently also cause complications and necessitate counting the reliability factor of the analysis. However, in our case I presume that further complications would have arose from the coordinated work of more than one observer, which, in the case of such demonstrative and much more limited research, is advisable to avoid.

When the disadvantages of the original project were visible, I decided to restrict the objectives to the professional news televisions, namely BBC World and CNN International. In more greater detail I have chosen the nine o'clock newscasts of both channels - which are almost equal in length¹⁹ - and decided on making a three day recording of these programs. This condition assumes that both channels' news producers and editors have the same material in their hands, and that it is their choice to decide what, in which order and how it will get on the screens. Additionally, it is much easier to compare English newscasts with each other than to compare Hungarian and English ones. So the objective of the research was soon formed: to inquire the difference between the newscasts of BBC World and CNN International.

Of course, there were still several factors to be considered. First I had to decide exactly which parts of the newscasts should be included in the inquiry. In both newscasts there is a flexible three to five minutes of sports news in the schedule. Considering this short period of time and the fact that it is almost impossible to decide what to put in a world-wide sports news, I decided on leaving these out from further concerns including both time and word-count angles. Also, at the end of each news program there is a two to four minute weather forecast in both newscasts. In the case of CNNI it is separated from the main news and sports news by commercials and the presenter has already said goodbye to the viewers. Similarly on BBC World the weather forecast is isolated by some minutes of music after the presenter's last words. It would probably be interesting to examine the two kinds of weather forecasts, since they also have a certain built-in strategy, and peculiar structure, but I still decided on excluding them from the research. One minute commercial blocks also had to be excluded which appear three times between parts of the newscast of CNNI, since these would have been misleading several ways concerning the research. On BBC World there are no commercials but the beginning of the newscast is prolonged by a graphical appliance with background music, which again would have had an altering effect on the data, so I excluded these as well, in order to get a more precise data base.

Before setting the objectives, I read some scientific works concerning the method of content analysis, and from these the endless possibilities in carrying out such research became apparent, which means that all categories, intervals are optional, when of course they are scientifically reasonable.²⁰ This finalized my decision to chose BBC World and CNNI as subjects, as it is said to be advisable to have a conception about what the possible outcomes of the study will be. In this case the hypothesis is largely that CNNI represents the American fast and efficient way, and BBC World the conservative, traditional way of news making. Perhaps this original hypothesis will not be proved, but it is better, however, than

to just search the data to find something worth writing about. After getting to know the basic skills of content analysis I also read some examples of it, and I have found some articles concerning television, radio and newspaper based research.²¹ These provided me with many useful ideas and samples to use in the study, such as the counting of the words which refer to nations, which will lead me to make conclusions about the international orientation of the examined media. Before starting the research, I had to collect relevant information about both BBC World and CNNI. This was necessary in order to become acquainted with the process of news making, including the gathering, processing and selecting of the news and of course the background of the two television networks as institutions. This again reassured me to exclude the Hungarian channels, since the position of the Hungarian media is not yet clarified and the new commercial channels, such as RTL Klub and TV2, have only recently started and are continuously altering the structure of their newscasts. There is also the feeling of impartiality - as I am from a non English-speaking country - which allows me to observe the two English channels on equal grounds.

Before starting to collect any data I had to set up categories by which I would be able to either certify the presumptions, or to prove just the opposite. Before setting all the categories, I had to make a labeling system by which referring to individual news units would be easier. In order to do this I marked the newscasts of BBC World with "A", CNN's with a "B", and the days with Roman numerals in order of appearance. The individual news units then also in order of appearance are marked with Arabic numerals to signal the position of the unit in the newscast at the same time.

The first two real measurement categories are very simply intended to give a statistical basis to all further investigations. Under the category `elapsed time' there are numbers measured in seconds, next to the first line of each day's data there is the total amount of time elapsed during the newscast, and next to news pieces there is the amount of time that each individual part within the newscast consumed. In this category, only the time serving for effective newscasting was measured, which means that the musical introductory to the news was not measured, for example, but that doesn't mean, however, that intermissions resulting from editorial or technical problems (see A.II.4) were not measured since these are embedded in the newscast itself.

In the second column named `word count', there is a similar system. The total amount of words is in the first line, and each separate news unit's data is in the column below. The `word count' includes the elements of short forms and was done by a word processor. In the `words/min.' column the values of each news units are counted by a very simple mathematical procedure, so that the exact number of words told during a period of time are counted to one minute. In the first row of each day's measures, there is the average value of the newscast.

In the third column entitled `illustration', the exact time in seconds was measured, when any kind of animated picture illustrated the news pieces. Of course, when doing this those scenes had to be excluded that were taken from studios or reporters speaking live with an insignificant picture in the background, as the real aim of the category is to prove the "eye" function of the newscasts. This value for particular news units was not counted, as there is obviously no significant difference between the elements, still, the total value of illustration is in the first row of each day's chart.

When considering the difference between news units three types could be distinguished. The first type, marked with `1', indicates news pieces directly presented by the presenter at the studio, frequently used during the newscasts and, of course, at the beginning and end of each newscast. The second and also very common type is marked with '2' and indicates a unit which is introduced by the presenter but the news unit itself is stated and interpreted by a reporter at the scene of the action. The third type, marked with `3', represents the most infrequent way used in newscasts, which is live conversation with a reporter through satellite connection or with an expert in the studio. This category can support the study with facts concerning the different or similar ways that the two channels announce events in their newscasts.

When observing the next category named `gestures', the aim was to catch those subtle, almost unnoticeable differences that exist between the behavior of the presenters. If, for example, the presenter announces a piece of news with a smile on his or her face, one can be sure that it is nothing tragic or sad but instead something cheerful or interesting is to come. Similarly, if a frown appears on the face of the presenter, the audience gets an additional information about the seriousness of the news coming up. Observing the newscasts 13 kinds of bodily or facial gestures could be differentiated. Smile is marked with `1', the curious way of knitting the brows is marked with `2', knitting the brows in a way that it expresses sympathy is marked with `5', knitting the brows in a kind, gentle way is marked with `6', and knitting the brows in a way that it expresses seriousness is marked with `6'. Nodding, the most frequent, sometimes continuously used gesture is marked with `3', and the shaking of the head is marked with `11'. Bodily gestures consist of the arm movement expressing emphasis marked `4', the rarely seen resetting of hair marked with `7', the opening of the arm is marked with `9' and folding the arms with `10'. Finally the sticking out of the tongue is marked with `13' and the downward glance is marked with `12'.

When we take a quick look through the data, there are some characteristic features of both newscasts which describe the way each channel presents news and consequently should be distinguished at the beginning. In relation to the length of the newscasts, it appeared that BBC World has a longer newscast concerning both the elapsed time and the word count categories. This data is a consequence of the fact that CNNI has a one minute commercial break three times in its newscast; and BBC World only has a few seconds of break between parts of the newscast, otherwise they are both considered as nine o'clock news lasting until nine thirty, including the weather forecast.

If we take a closer look at the structure of the newscasts it reveals that both begin with the headlines. This is carried out similarly at both channels, as the presenter announces the main news in short sentences, while recorded motion pictures illustrate each unit being mentioned. However, at the end of the program - in both cases a sentence beginning with `that's all' finishes the newscast - BBC's presenter once again as a reminder (e.g. A.I.19), summarizes the main happenings of the day, while on CNNI, the presenter quickly says thanks to the viewers for watching and terminates the newscast (e.g. B.I.16). So the editing strategy is different here. The reminder can be helpful as it is useful for those who missed parts of the newscast, and it can serve as a reassurance as well, so people have heard the main news three times by nine thirty. On the other hand finishing the program quickly can suggest the editorial intention of, `let's quickly tell them the news, without any boring parts if possible, and let them do other things during the night'.

Another striking phenomenon is the `still to come' part in the newscasts (appearing once in every BBC World news, and three times during a CNN newscast), which is intentionally selected to be an exciting news item (e.g. A.I.11 and B.II.9), and never precedes directly the news item it mentions. Consequently after this interruption the speaker has to recreate the atmosphere which characterized the preceding part of the newscast, and the strategy in both cases is to carry on with the next news item immediately without any comment. On CNNI this `still to come' part always precedes commercial blocks, it consumes around 10 seconds, and the aim is clearly to invite the viewers to stay there, because there is still lots of interesting news to come. In the case of BBC World, however, the purpose is different, since there are no commercials included and these `still to come' parts are usually placed at the middle of the newscast (see A.I.12, A.II.9 and A.III.7). There is only a short pause in the flow of news after these sentences, and the aim is possibly to maintain the interest of the audience by referring to a forthcoming curiosity.

Between the headlines and the closing sentences there is the mixture of the news units, but there is a noticeable lining-up in the newscast itself. Clearly the newscast begins with the enumeration of the main events, than goes into details about these usually politically or diplomatically important items. In the middle of the newscast we get the less important news items and by the very end we get almost entertaining items with no real international significance. The sequence is constructed after considering the international importance of the event; still there seem to be a difference between what is important for the two channels' audience. If we accept the idea that whatever news unit appears on screen first is the most important, and what appears at the end of the program is the least significant, we can clearly state that the Iraqi crisis, for example, was more important for CNNI than for BBC World. During the examined three days, whenever there was something newsworthy about the UN-Iraqi crisis CNNI put it in the first place (see B.I.2-3, B.II.2-3 and B.III.2-3), while BBC News' editors in most cases found that the Indonesian Clashes and Central American reports were more significant (see A.I.2-4, A.II.2-4 and A.III.2-5). The editors, when creating a newscast, consider many things, including the spectacularity (whether there are special illustrating pictures, reports) and excellence of the item. Also, they have to select from the material they gain from the correspondents. Of course, they are entitled to do that, but one can wonder whether there is a general international viewpoint, since the rankings of these two prominent global news channels are so different. Of course, there are many items during the newscasts that are not included in the other channel's schedule. These are smaller pieces of news and in most of them we can find some hidden international or even national interest of the news producers. Such an item was the one about Michael Jackson's suit against a British newspaper (A.I.11), which was included on BBC World but not on CNNI, while the item about Japan was reported on CNNI (B.III.10), and omitted on BBC World. This phenomenon shows that there is a perceptible difference between the national biases of the two countries, as the above mentioned units do not or rarely co-occur on the two channel.

It is hard to characterize the types of news units concerning their subject matter, however the average person would probably say the biggest part of a newscast is made up of political and diplomatic affairs. On BBC World, an average of six news items concerns matters of politics or diplomatic happenings, which means that almost half of the newscast is made up by them. The other part of the newscast mostly contains nationally important event (the international relation is still there in the background) that can be interesting for international audiences, and of course, many exciting items which by their entertaining natures gain significance in the newscast. On CNNI, however, there seem to be a more stricter order concerning the topic of individual newscasts. The majority of the newscasts are made up of matters of diplomacy and politics, and only around one fifth remains for other less serious events. On November the 13^th, CNN only had two items of entertaining value, one about the extremely cold winter in Russia (B.III.8), and another concerning trade via the internet (B.III.13).

If we take a look at the sentence construction of both newscasts we can say that the presenters usually employ longer sentences (around 18 words in a sentence) when announcing a news unit. However, when live conversations or reports take place we can notice several very short sentences (around 11 words per sentence) which reflect upon the more immediate function of the language. Here It must also be mentioned that there is no definite end to most of the sentences used by the reporters, and sometimes a whole paragraph could be viewed as one coherent unit since the intonation sometimes did not carry extra information about the sentence structure. This phenomena was mostly observable on CNNI when some reporters with a faster rate of speech sometimes joined sentences together. Real questions appear solely when talking live to an expert or correspondent; the use of rhetoric questions (e.g.: B.I.4) are quite rare in the overall text, and then these are probably intended to emphasize the significance of certain events.

The elapsed time factors of the newscasts reveal several things. The first thing that is ascertained is that the period of time effectively used (while news was being reported) during the newscasts of BBC World is longer than the interval used up on CNNI's newscasts. It revealed that BBC World News has around 200 more seconds of useable time per newscast.

The original intention of measuring the elapsed time for each news unit was to obtain information about the timetable of the newscast and to compare different units by measures of importance. Excluding the headlines, the `still to come', `that's all' parts, and also the sentences introducing sports news, we can say that there are two types of news units concerning length. The first type (e.g. A.I.2, B.I.2) is the most common and forms the framework of both BBC World's and CNNI's newscast. These are longer units which generally expand 100 seconds with greater international importance, always illustrated with motion picture and are reports or live conversations on various subjects. The second type (e.g. A.I.11, B.I.11) is used when the subject of the report does not have an international importance; it is a curiosity which either arouses the viewers' interest or has international importance, but the core of the news can be stated in a few sentences. These items take around 30 seconds and are usually read out by the presenter, but do not necessarily include illustration. There is, however, a third type, which is a mixture of these two types and after playing recorded material, the presenter asks questions from the reporter (see B.II.3).

With the usage of these values it was possible to examine the claimed difference between the two television news services concerning the proportion of interpreting measured in minutes.

Figure 1.: 1-live conversations; 2-the presenter announces the news unit; 3-reporter's coverage

The interpretation and further explanation can be found in both newscasts when a discussion took place between the presenter and a reporter or an expert; in BBC World's newscasts the number of conversation (there were no satellite connections to reporters) is one per newscast and in CNNI's case two live conversation are the minimum per newscast. It appears that during three days the viewers of BBC World can see a total of 446 minutes of live interpretation (see figure 2.) while on CNNI this same measured value was 1058 minutes (see figure 1.). ²²

Figure 2.: 1-live conversations; 2-the presenter announces the news unit; 3-reporter's coverage

Of course, the effectiveness of using live coverage in the newscasts depends on the reliability of the person, and, in this respect the method BBC World is using seems to be more effective. However, it seems that both channels have a characteristic way of dividing the newscast for different kinds of presentations.

It seemed to me at that point that no matter how properly the elapsed time component showed the possible difference between the two newscasts, the word count category would be the real authority in deciding the efficiency of the news programs. In addition to this, if we consider the view point of the audience it is probable that the information partly lies in the number of words heard during the program. The first thing that was obvious, was that if BBC World News has 200 more seconds per night, it should have an equal surplus of words as well. After counting the total amount of words and averaging the results it occurred that BBC World mediates around 700 more words than CNNI per night/broadcast. By measuring the number of words unit by unit, the types observed in the category `elapsed time' are similarly significant, there are longer reports with up to around 600 words, and shorter reports with a minimum of 50 words.

After counting the words in each newscast, it seemed worthwhile to count words per minute value to make distinctions between different types (see chart 1, column type, also antecedents) of news units according to this new category. I also counted the average speed of speaking per newscast (see A.I-II-III and B.I-II-III), which indicated that there is no significant difference between the two channels newscast in this perspective. The average speed seemed to be around 170 words per minute in both cases. However, it seemed obvious that there should be some news units which accelerate, and others which slow down the flow of the news program. It occurred that the live conversations are those that have an average far above the 170 word per minute average, producing values around and well over 200 words per minute in both newscasts (e.g.: B.II.3,12; A.II.3. and A.I.4.). Live coverage seem to be a more effective way of reporting news, and from a psychological angle it is also possible that viewers believe people whom they see live, still editors do not use this too often. Instead they use the more convenient way of classical reportage, which has a more human way of reporting news. This is the case when the reporter prepares video material with his or her voice interpreting the news and the motion picture, which usually contains reports and illustrating footage. The interpretation in these cases sometimes sounds like a `poetic description' with intermissions and carefully executed intonation, consequently, these produce a much slower 160 average words per minute speed of speaking.

There is a significant uniformity in the words per minute values of the headlines as well, when the presenter is reporting the main stories in some sentences, as the illustrating pictures are running on the screen. A relatively slow average value of 125 words per minutes mean that news presenters do not hurry with the headlines. Once they make the audience curious and let them capture the pictures and the message conveyed, they will probably have them watching the newscast until its end. Furthermore there seem to be a difference between the speed of saying goodbye as well. As it has already been mentioned the last part of CNNI's newscasts is quick and there is no reminder of the main news, however, on BBC World the presenter summarizes the main news before saying good bye and thanks to the audience. CNNI's presenter Sonia Ruseler made a 270 words per minute value when closing Friday's newscast (B.III.17), and on the same day Philip Hayton only made 164 words per minute finishing the BBC World News (A.III.13).

Another similarity can be found observing the percentage of the illustration²³ in the newscast. In this category, the reports (type `2') sent in by correspondents form the major part of the illustration. It occurs from the numbers that on CNN's newscasts the percentage of illustrated material in contrasted with other scenes is around 63 percent, while in BBC World's newscast the same value of percentage is 64. These percentages indicate the intention of editors, showing at least a photograph when presenting a news unit, since television carries both visual and audible information.

So far, the direct characteristics of the speech observed in the newscasts were examined, in the following I will try to outline those factors that are not so exact and can not be accurately measured. No one doubts that every time we say something, we accompany the words with gestures which, together with bodily communication, can be as effective - or even more effective - than the ordinary speech.²⁴ Gestures work as a signaling device indicating the speaker's opinion, feelings, and way of thinking, all of which give the listener or viewer additional information, and consequently can serve as a way of contrasting the two news channels. To measure the additional information conveyed through means of gestures I have separated 13 kinds of gestures which may overlap with each other, still they convey distinct messages. The examination was carried out by looking through the entire recorded material of the three day interval, while every significant gesture was noted down and given a number, than put into the column `gestures'.²⁵ Of course, the way presenters use gestures greatly depends on their personality and cultural background; still, it is part of the job and it is necessary for a good presenter to use his or her body and face adequately.

The first gesture I examined is smiling, which is probably the most sincere and obvious sign out of all the gestures. The data reveals that while CNN's presenter Sonia Ruseler smiled 25 times during the three day interval, Philip Hayton and Anita Macnaught²⁶ altogether smiled 9 times. It seems logical to think that news programs are not among the funniest, still this difference significantly shows the two ways CNNI and BBC World try to manage their newscast. CNNI's almost informal style probably results from the intention of the editors to create a `light' newscast which is easier to digest and people do not feel unwell after watching it.

Figure 3.: 1-smile; 2-eyebrow motion expressing curiosity; 3-nodding of the head; 4-hand movement expressing emphasis; 5-eyebrow motion expressing sympathy; 6- eyebrow motion expressing gentleness; 7-resetting the hair; 8- eyebrow motion expressing seriousness; 9-opening of the arms; 10-folding the arms; 11-headshaking motion; 12-downward glance; 13-sticking out of the tongue)

On the other hand we have BBC World's more conservative rarely smiling newscasters which suggest that the aim here is different: to establish a reliable and neutral newscast (see figure 3.). CNN's presenter however tended to smile whenever the topic allowed her to do so (see figure 4.).

Figure 4.: 1-smile; 2-eyebrow motion expressing curiosity; 3-nodding of the head; 4-hand movement expressing emphasis; 5-eyebrow motion expressing sympathy; 6- eyebrow motion expressing gentleness; 7-resetting the hair; 8- eyebrow motion expressing seriousness; 9-opening of the arms; 10-folding the arms; 11-headshaking motion; 12-downward glance; 13-sticking out of the tongue

She regularly smiled at the beginning and at the end of the show, and a significantly enthusiastic smile appeared on her face every time she introduced the sports segment (see B.I.13, B.II.10, B.III.14). BBC Worlds presenters, in fact, only smiled once at the beginning and once at the end of the newscast. At one point during the newscast (A.I.16) a slightly ironical smile could unambiguously be seen on Anita Macnaught's face when a story about Prince Charles' private life was on the programme.

Another frequently used gesture is the nodding of the head, which is generally accepted to be originated in the early childhood stimulating the movement that the baby makes when sucking milk from the mother's breast. Similarly the shaking of the head when the baby draws his or her head away from the mother's breast expressing that he or she had enough is considered to be the origin of the adult head shaking motion.²⁷ The nodding is almost always present when the presenter reads out the news - both on BBC World or CNNI - and the function is just like in everyday speech to reassure or persuade the audience about the authenticity of the statements. This way, the viewer has the impression of having talked to an expert who gave a detailed explanation, and consequently the more gestures that can be seen on television, the more the audience will remember the specific information. The shaking of the head motion is however less frequent; it was used only four times and was only seen on CNNI, and it was probably the result of confusion in the programme itself (see A.III.15).

One of the most interesting gestures was the sticking out of the tongue carried out by BBC World's correspondent Arya Gunawan (who is not a native speaker which was felt on his use of English). He is one of the correspondents working at BBC Indonesian Service and in the newscast of November 13 he had a live conversation with Philip Hayton from another studio of BBC (see A.III.3). Mr. Gunawan, while waiting for questions, continuously stuck his tongue out several times. According to Axtell²⁸, this motion can either mean the ridiculing of someone, can serve as a sexual lure, can be a form of greeting (in some parts of Tibet) or can be the signal of hard concentration. The first three do not seem likely, and probably Mr. Gunawan was doing the fourth motion, spontaneously revealing his feelings.

According to Axtell, eyebrows can express various kinds of emotions. These two lines which form the hair of the face can express anger, confusion, openness, curiosity and even coquetry²⁹. During the examined period, presenters of BBC World and CNNI have produced 4 types of knitting of their brows. The usage of these gestures accordingly are closely connected to the subject of the news item. When CNNI's coverage concerned the standoff between Iraq and the United States, the serious kind of brow motion (gesture type 8) was seen (see B.II.2-3), but when the topic was lighter, or there was no tragic or threatening element in the news unit, the motion expressing curiosity was used. Presenters of BBC World did not convey as much additional information through their brow movement only the generally used gesture type 2 is significant. At one point however, both channels' presenters used spontaneously identical brow motions. This was the case when the news unit concerned the aftermath of Hurricane Mitch, and the presenters introducing the topic both had the brow motion expressing sympathy (gesture type 5) on their faces.

Since presenters are only shown on the screen of the television from above their stomachs and we can rarely see their hands, the bodily gestures, or, more precisely, gestures using the hands, have a limited variety. The observed types (gesture type 4,7,9 and 10) were similar to the eyebrow motions in close connection with the message. The most frequently used motion was the hand movement expressing emphasis which is also a regular gesture in everyday communication together with the opening of arms which usually accompanies questions (e.g. A.I.4). Only once did the folding of the arm and the resetting of the hair gesture take place. The first (see B.II.13) took place on CNNI when the presenter announced the sports news, and by this spontaneous movement she produced the general defensive or negative movement which according to Pease³⁰ gives a comfortable safety against the outside world. The resetting of the hair gesture was performed by Jane Araf, CNNI's reporter in Baghdad when talking live to the presenter in the studio (B.II.2). This is a not a gesture in the normal sense, since it does not accompany any message, and the reason for the action was that a blast of wind made her hair tousled. This still, however, conveys message to the audience about the weather conditions in Iraq.

When presenters do not look straight into the camera (gesture type 12) they do not have eye contact with the viewers, which means that the audience is not totally `eye-controlled', and also from the viewers' angle can seem to be an impolite gesture. BBC's presenter Anita Macnaught tended to look downward when she was on the air more often (6 times during two newscasts) than her CNNI colleague (2 times during three newscasts), which can also suggest perplexity in the flow of the newscast. Examining the category of gestures also revealed that during live conversations, both news presenter and the reporter or expert use more gestures, compared to taped reports or announcements, which also confirms the idea that through live coverage more information can be conveyed.

There are many other ways to either compare the newscasts of the two channels or examine the characteristic features of the structures of individual news units. However, some of these would require more precise research and a more elaborate process, therefore these are not included in the dissertation. In the following I will mention some further aspects and ideas which would broaden the perspective of this study.

When considering the speed by which a news unit - or more precisely the content of the unit - gets through to the audience, it would be possible to measure the dynamics of the individual items, or even bigger parts of the newscasts. This would lead to a function similar to figure 5., which shows the relation between the time and speed (words per minute) values.

The above figure shows the characteristics of an optional news unit. The overall time of the unit is divided into 15 segments (must be optimized beforehand) and is shown on axis X, while the measured speed of speech concerning the periods is shown on axis Y. By doing this we have a matter of comparison between the two ways BBC World and CNNI's presenters and reporters act out the news.

In this dissertation, the real means of the method content analysis were not entirely employed. As Krippendorff writes: "Content analysis is such a technique engaged in a research, by which from the given data one can make repeatable and valid consequences."³¹ By using the techniques offered by content analysis the difference between interpretation and factual news presenting could be set.

Table 1.: Illustration for Content analytical methods (personality - the name of the examined person; occ. - the number of times this name occurred in the text; context - the exact content where the name was found; source - the code in the text for further examination; who? - reporter, expert in studio etc.).

personality	occ.	context	source	who?
Netanjahu	23	"...Prime Minister Benjamin X called everyone to vote..."	A.II.11	rep.
		"...the image conscious mister X wants the results to reflect	A.II.11	rep.
		well on himself."
		"..and hopefully X will persuade those colleagues of his..."	A.II.11	rep.
		"...X is now burdened with the responsability..."	B.I.4	exp.
		"...seems like this, Mister X has a familiar dilemma..."	B.I.4	rep.

In order do this, exact categories are needed concerning the person who speaks (the presenter, an invited expert, politician, everyday people etc.), and also the content should be grouped around certain objectives, such as the use of adjective, concerning a neighboring country, or the words or context where the name of a prime minister appears (see table 1.). By doing this different interpretation, relationships could be revealed between CNN's and BBC World's approach.

It would also be interesting to study the occurrence of certain institutions (NATO, EU), countries (Iraq, USA) or personalities (Clinton, Blair, Hussein) this way an international orientation could be measured. Hungary for example during the three recorded day was only mentioned once (see B.II.6) when the Prime Minister of Greece expressed his opinion concerning Eastern European countries joining the European Union.

The aim of the dissertation was to make a comparison between CNN International and BBC World examining the data collected from a linguistic point of view, and examine the claimed disparity, the newscasts are executed. As we could see there are differences in some examined categories which in all, quite properly characterize the two channel's news programs. Still, the amount of such facts does not allow me to make relevant conclusions about the two channels, consequently this part will rather reflect upon some experiences rooting in the examination.

The fact that CNNI includes far more live conversations in the program seems to support the idea of the `live theory' mentioned earlier and also indicates the intention of a more direct way of news-telling. On the other hand the research also shows that on BBC World the most common form of announcing a news unit is done by reporters as the recorded audio and visual materials are broadcasted without further comment. This leads to the consequence that if BBC's officials regard these newscasts as interpreting, analyzing ones they intend to do it indirectly, so the news item is a mixture of the facts and the analysis. A more deeper analysis is however present, when an expert is interviewed in the studio, in London, but the same form (although via satellite) is applied by CNN International as well and to a higher degree.

As I mentioned earlier in the dissertation, the two channels originate in different cultures and news making traditions. Possibly the observed differences in the section engaged with gestures are due to the difference existing between an everyday English and American person, but since the presence of such features can be shown, it also characterizes the news programs. Most significantly the amount of smiling compared leads to such presumptions, as CNN International offers a more humane newscast. When the producer chooses the presenter for the newscast, he or she must also take in consideration the way non-verbal communication is used by the particular person. This is a factor that can set presenters as `favorites' and other, less able ones as neutral or even antipathetic.

When examining the words/minute category it occurred that there are units which are told faster and others which are announced slower. When compared to reading - a normally monotonous activity -, television newscasts seem to be almost irritatingly changeable in tempo. But television being a passive way of informing mass audiences needs features like this to keep the viewers' attention, which by the quick changes in speed, content and illustration can easily be done.

The approach I have chosen for the research mostly revealed statistical, formal features. The complete examination would include several other angles, including the employment of means offered by content analysis, and that added and supplemented to my research would probably lead to a more elaborate opinion concerning the two television news services. Whether CNN International is fast and efficient³², or not, only the audience can decide, and the same goes to BBC World' traditional and conservative way of making news. But one thing is for certain. Until the time, when an important international event is reported in almost the same way on CNNI and BBC World, global journalism, and global public opinion are only about to be born.

When considering the possible function of recorded newscasts in teaching we must take into consideration the following things:

· News programs have a special vocabulary based on political and economic terms and expressions which are probably unknown to the students in both primary and secondary school.

· They may contain unknown grammatical constructions (mostly problematic in primary school and lower grades).

· They are audiovisual information carriers, so for the student illustration can help in figuring out the possible context of the news pieces.

· For the students it is clearly more interesting, and therefore more motivating than either reading an article or just listening to a tape containing similar material.

· Because it is an audiovisual mean, it effectively forces the students to use two of the skills (listening and capturing visual information) they would normally use when they interact with another person, and for that reason it is far more lifelike than many other methods of teaching.

· The teacher must always remember that television is a passive way of getting information, and so she or he must somehow turn it into an active mean for foreign language learning, and if possible, to teach students the proper way of watching television at home as well.

Therefore - considering the above mentioned - I think television newscasts can only be adequately used in secondary school for intermediate or advanced level students. As far as the primary school, the implementation may also be possible - and can have a fierce motivating effect - but then the possible activities do not really match the level supplied by the audiovisual communication, therefore more traditional ways of teaching are better in case of beginners or younger students.

· Activity: (20 minutes, listening, information capturing exercise, also brainstorming), a previously prepared and photocopied form is needed for the activity, on which there are information gaps to be filled in by the students, after listening to the newscast.

The teacher prepares the video recorder before the class starts and rewinds the cassette to the beginning of a selected newscast, and also makes the screen dark by turning the appropriate button down on the control panel. He Says hello to the students and when they have settled he says:

"I'm going to play a video cassette for you, but for the first part of the activity you will not see anything on the screen. The task is to find out what can be on the screen."

After saying this he plays the `Headline' part of the newscast, and the students hear the introductory music and then the presenter telling the summary of the newscast. They will probably guess that it is a news program, and they will say phrases like: This is a newscast. This is a news program. This is the eight o'clock news.

If they guessed right the teacher praises them for the answers, also corrects the occurring mistakes, then he rewinds the tape and plays it again but this time the real picture is shown. He says:

"Now I'm going to play the tape again, but while you are watching it please think of the time when we usually watch newscasts."

The teacher stops the cassette at the end of the headlines by pushing the `pause' button, so the last picture is still visible. Then asks:

"So when do we usually watch newscasts?" (possible answers: in the evenings, in the mornings, sometimes during the day etc.) Then asks various questions:

"Do you regularly watch news programs?" "Does your mother or father watch news programs?" "And what can we see in the newscasts?" "Do you like watching newscasts?" "Why?" Then the teacher asks questions about the presenter:

"Who is this woman/man on the screen?" "What does he/she look like?" "Could you imagine a presenter in T-shirt?"

Then the teacher hands out the photocopied forms, which are aimed at news units (Where and What happened?, Who is the unit about?, What is the name of the city in news unit number two? etc.) Afterwards he says:

"Now we are going to watch four news units, but before we start please read the form and try to memorize which information is required to fill it in." Then he presses the `play' button on the VCR. After the intended news units are played, he asks:

"Do you have all the answers?" if no, then he rewinds and plays the tape once again. After watching the newscast twice they check the answers and watch the newscast again if necessary.

Other similar, or even much harder activities (asking for very small details) are also possible, and other kind of activities can be based on the illustration seen during the newscast. However students will hear the actual language usage (which is definitely more difficult) and not the slow precisely pronounced usage of any English teaching audio or video cassette. However I think that despite the sometimes emerging disadvantages which are rooted in the fact that it requires a bit more technical knowledge from the teacher, using a VCR during the lesson, and presenting newscasts is worth to try.

SCHMITZ, Manfred: A jelképek megfejtése a tömegkommunikációs közlésekben.

A	NEWS UNITS	ELAPSED TIME	WORD COUNT	WORDS/MIN.
I.	BBC 1998. nov. 9^th.	1282	3725	174
1	Headlines	45	90	120
2	Central America	129	340	158
3	Iraqi Crisis	142	396	167
4	Iraqi Crisis	171	566	198
5	Malaysia	25	67	161
6	Albanian refugees	21	67	191
7	Broken Glass	23	65	169
8	Israeel-Palestinia	117	332	170
9	India's nuclear program	17	49	173
10	Jean Marais	20	62	186
11	Michael Jackson	25	72	173
12	Still to come...	9	22	146
13	Animal liberation	136	375	165
14	IRA	19	61	192
15	European Toys	92	269	175
16	Prince Charles	135	430	191
17	Julian Lennon	21	65	185
18	Christmas, Birmingham	105	314	179
19	That's all...	30	76	152
II.	BBC 1998.nov.10	1393	3940	170
1	Headlines	36	78	130
2	Central America	175	475	163
3	Central America	91	296	195
4	Jakarta Riots	33	79	143
5	Nigeria	19	55	174
6	Angola diamond mine	159	431	163
7	Jakarta Riots	104	293	169
8	Climate Conference	121	358	177
9	Still to come...	11	26	141
10	British doctor	24	70	175
11	Israel-Palestinia	143	373	156
12	Israel's policy	128	439	205
13	Clinton finance abuse	25	64	153
14	Colin Powell's visit	145	432	178
15	Malaysia	35	95	162
16	Heart surgery	116	311	161
17	That's all...	28	57	122
III.	BBC 1998.nov.13th.	1445	3839	159
1	Headlines	32	68	127
2	Jakarta riots	198	501	151
3	Jakarta riots	147	384	156
4	Iraqi crisis	146	353	145
5	Prearation against Iraq	113	335	177
6	PKK A. Ocalan	105	283	162
7	Still to come...	5	5	60
8	Climate conference	134	385	172
9	Central America	134	349	156
10	Kosovo	172	461	160
11	Donegal Celtics	126	354	168
12	Baryonyx	114	308	162
13	That's all..	19	52	164

A	ILLUSTRATION	TYPE	GESTURES	ELAPSED TIME
I.	772			the active period when speech took place,
1		1	2,3	in seconds
2		2	2,3,8,12
3		2	2,3	WORD COUNT
4		3	1,2,3,4,8,9,12	number of words
5		1	2,3
6		1	2,3,5	ILLUSTRATION
7		1	2,3	motion picture taken on the scene of the
8		2	2,3,8	action, measured in seconds
9		1	2,3,8
10		1	1,2,3	TYPE
11		1	2,3	1.the presenter tells the newsunit
12		1	2,3	2.repoter tells the recorded newsunit
13		2	2,3	preceded by the presenter's introduction
14		1	2,3	3.live conversation with an expert, reporter,
15		2	2,3,12	preceded by the presenter's introduction
16		2	1,2,3
17		1	2,3	GESTURES
18		2	1,2,3	1.smile
19		1	1,2,3,5,8	2.eyebrow motion expressing curiosity
II.	866			3.nodding of the head
1		1	1,2,3	4.hand movement expressing emphasys
2		2	2,3,8	5.eyebrow motion expressing sympathy
3		2	2,3	6.eyebrow motion expressing gentleness
4		1	2,3,5,8	7.resetting the hair
5		1	2,3	8.serious kind of eyebrow motion
6		2	2,3,8	9.opening of the arms
7		2	2,3,4,12	10.folding the arms
8		2	2,3,5	11.head-shaking motion
9		1	2,12	12.downward glance
10		1	3,2	13.sticking out of the tongue
11		2	2,3,8,12
12		3	1,2,3,4,8
13		1	2,3
14		2	2,3,8
15		1	2,3,5
16		2	2,3,5,8
17		1	2,3
III.	1029
1		1	3
2		2	2,3,5
3		3	2,3,8,13
4		2	2,3,8
5		2	2,3
6		2	2,3
7		1	2,3
8		2	1,2,3
9		2	2,3,5,8
10		2	2,3,8
11		2	2,3
12		2	1,2,3,4
13		1	2,3

B	NEWS UNITS	ELAPSED TIME	WORD COUNT	WORDS/MIN.
I.	CNN 1998.nov.9th.	1167	3001	174
1	Headlines	35	76	130
2	Iraq-Weapons Insp.	148	390	158
3	Iraq-Weapons Insp.	145	358	148
4	Palestinia-Israel	170	440	155
5	Still to come...	13	28	129
6	Jakarta Riots	148	374	151
7	Kosovo clashes	26	65	150
8	Central America	157	411	157
9	Pinochet trial	119	298	150
10	Still to come...	12	26	130
11	Clinton affair	31	78	151
12	Speaker of the House	26	70	161
13	Sports...	5	14	168
14	Discovery of shipwrecks	94	236	150
15	Q&A	32	109	204
16	That's all...	6	25	250
II.	CNN 1998.nov.10th.	1142	3189	167
1	Headlines	31	64	123
2	Iraq-Weapons Insp.	244	672	165
3	Iraq-US. Standoff	184	570	185
4	Central America	134	341	152
5	Still to come...	8	19	142
6	European Union	56	141	151
7	Schroeder, Germany	149	408	164
8	Still to come...	10	27	162
9	Flood Insurance	141	393	167
10	Sports...	4	9	135
11	Los Padres National P.	143	402	168
12	Q&A	30	118	236
13	That's all...	8	21	157
III.	CNN 1998.nov.13th.	1145	3167	166
1	Headlines	24	51	127
2	Iraq-US. Standoff	226	583	154
3	Iraq-UNSCOM	132	357	162
4	Pentagon's plans	156	437	168
5	Jakarta Riots	101	280	166
6	Still to come...	11	28	152
7	Central America	117	333	170
8	Russian winter	29	84	173
9	APEC forum	36	90	150
10	Japan in feet	78	224	172
11	Still to come	8	20	150
12	Clinton affair	29	81	167
13	On-line marketing	106	309	174
14	Sports	3	12	240
15	Clarification	45	116	154
16	Q&A	38	134	211
17	That's all...	6	27	270

B	ILLUSTRATION	TYPE	GESTURES	ELAPSED TIME
I.	817			the active period when speech took place,
1		1	1,3	in seconds
2		3	2,3,8
3		2	1,2,3	WORD COUNT
4		2	1,2,3	number of words
5		1	3
6		2	3,4,5	ILLUSTRATION
7		1	3	motion picture taken on the scene of the
8		2	3,5	action, measured in seconds
9		2	3,2,6
10		1	1	TYPE
11		1	2	1.the presenter tells the newsunit
12		1	1	2.repoter tells the recorded newsunit
13			1	preceded by the presenter's introduction
14		2	1,2,3	3.live conversation with an expert, reporter,
15		3	1,2,3	preceded by the presenter's introduction
16		1	1,2,3
II.	726			GESTURES
1		1	1,3	1.smile
2		3,2	2,3,7,8	2.eyebrow motion expressing curiosity
3		3	1,2,3,8	3.nodding of the head
4		2	3	4.hand movement expressing emphasys
5		1	2	5.eyebrow motion expressing sympathy
6		1	2,3	6.eyebrow motion expressing gentleness
7		2	1,3	7.resetting the hair
8		1	1	8.serious kind of eyebrow motion
9		2	2,3,9	9.opening of the arms
10			1,10	10.folding the arms
11		2	1,2,3	11.head-shaking motion
12		3	1,2,3	12.downward glance
13		1	1,2,3	13.sticking out of the tongue
III.	635
1		1	1,2,3
2		2,3	2,3,5,8,4,11
3		1	2,3,8
4		3	3,4,8,11
5		2	2,4,5,8,11
6		1	2
7		2	2,3,5
8		1	2
9		1	2,3
10		2	3,8
11		1	1,2
12		1	2,3,8,12
13		2	1,2,3
14			1
15		1	1,2,3,12
16		3	1,2,3,11
17		1	1,3

- Welcome to BBC world news I'm Anita Macnaught. The headlines. After the hurricane the devastation inflicted on Central America leads to growing calls for debt relief for the stricken countries. As a second group of UN weapons experts withdraw from Iraq, Baghdad says it may review all the United Nations resolutions it has signed. And thousands of troops patrol the streets of the Indonesian Capital as the country's top legislative body prepares to discuss political and constitutional reforms.

- As aid from around the world arrives in Central America the presidents of Honduras, Nicaragua and Guatemala are to meet in El Salvador to discuss the international response to the disaster inflicted by Hurricane Mitch. Today the former US president George Bush has been watching the progress of the relief efforts in Honduras. President Chirac of France will visit the region next week The French Prime Minister Leonard Jospel added his voice to those urging debt relief for the countries ravaged by the hurricane.

- More than a week after the storm evaded, the first substantial aid is getting through to the victims most in need. In Nicaragua a group of French doctors arrives in the city of Possortega bringing desperately needed medicines and equipment. For these children battered by the hurricane and weakened by the floods which followed, treatment can't come quickly enough. Without it diseases like cholera, tetanus and diarrhea will claim many more lives young and old. In neighboring Honduras which bore the brunt of hurricane Mitch, former US president George Bush has come to lend his way to the aid program.

- It's a very great pleasure for us to welcome George Bush here among us and to share these times of anguish pain and anxiety.

- Many people though feel the United States should have done more, quicker to help. The cost of rebuilding the country's roads, bridges water and power supplies, has been estimated at two billion dollars. In the long term a full recovery may depend on easing the crippling debt burdens on the region's poorest countries, some countries are still paying out more money each day to service their debts than they're receiving even now in aid. Jim Fish, BBC News.

- And there will be a special program on the hour after, about the hurricane Mitch a little later on BBC World. With our correspondent George Alagaya reporting from Honduras, which has been heard as one of the worst hit countries. That's at twenty thirty hours GMT here on BBC World.

- And other news. Up to a quarter of the United Nations' weapons inspectors left in Iraq have started to leave the country. This follows Saddam Hussein's refusal to cooperate with the inspections. Meanwhile Britain's Defense Minister George Robertson has been holding talks with Kuwait's political leaders about building up support for possible air-strikes against Iraq. Our correspondent Richard Downes reports from Baghdad on what Mister Robertson has tapped up as the biggest crisis the world has seen since the end of the Gulf War.

- Five more UN weapons inspectors left Baghdad in what is becoming a slow but sure exodus. There are a hundred left behind and the UN claims that it can reactivate the monitoring system at any stage even with these reduced numbers. The former Irish Prime Minister Albert Reynolds ended his fact-finding mission with a plea that the confrontation between Iraq and the UN be ended in a peaceful manner.

- Today I would like to send a very clear message and a clear call and to the United Nations to President Clinton and to Prime Minister Tony Blair that whatever about the conflict, let's let everybody get around the table and dialogue and debate on that pot to remove the sanctions that's affecting the children and the medicine that are required for the children.

- That confrontation that the United Nations has all the classic signs of a long stand all. Iraq shows no signs whatever of wavering in its demands that sanctions be lifted. And the UN has unreservedly condemned the action. One side has to compromise. But the British Defense Secretary George Robertson visiting the Gulf made it clear that Iraq must back down although he has said that air-strikes are not the preferred option, military action is being actively considered.

- A diplomatic solution is so possible if he will comply with what the International community and the UN is saying. If not then force, and out here we've got that force on display. Force has still got to be an option to persuade them to comply.

- For the moment life in the capital, Baghdad is going on his normal. Iraqis are almost immune from the tensions but regularly block the country's dealings with the international community. Eight years of sanctions has left them weary and preoccupied with making ends meet. Richard Downes, BBC News, Baghdad.

- Well joining me now in the studio is Terry Taylor the assistant director of the international institute of strategic studies here in London, and also a former chief weapons inspector.

- Welcome! How do you then read the withdrawal of this second set of weapons inspectors?

- Well it seems as there the decks have been cleared for the possible use of military force, the diplomatic solution it seemed over the past few months pursued to its end so its very hard to see how things are going to develop from here other than in a serious confrontation.

- Well according to, to one analysis the United States seems to be waying out whether to strike very soon itself or whether to wait to allow to build up more support multi-nationally. Which do you think is the more likely option.

- Well I think the United States and London clearly want to get the widest possible international support, I mean they have behind them the UN Security Council which is unanimous in saying that Iraq has not met its obligations and ...

- Oh they are not unanimous in approving military action that is, but there hadn't been many voices speaking against it as in fact earlier this year when the United States and the UK more or less went it alone. But you're not hearing for example France a key member of the security council speaking out against in strong statements by George Robertson as we've heard today and others in previous days.

- But what in reality at this stage will strikes achieve I mean they won't dislodge Saddam Hussein that seems the most unlikely. And, and they are likely to bring an end to all future cooperation with the United Nations inspecting weapons, all the destruction of weapons that Iraq saw. So what really is the point?

- Well, I don't necessarily go along with that analysis. I think in the past the unambiguous threat of the use of force has produced results. In deed it produced a memoranda of understanding that the UN Secretary General negotiated earlier this year in February. And Kofi Annan paid tribute to the role that the threat of force played in these circumstances. What has happened is that memorandum of understands has become unraveled and in spite of an even an offer for a review of a whole weapons inspection process Iraq has even turned that down without the guarantee that sanctions are gonna be lifted. So the situation has become exhausted but a, but a very substantial military strike against the military infrastructure could be very destabilizing for the regime.

- So having taken it right to the line last time, this time around briefly there really is no other option.

- Well it seems we're getting to that point I mean the other option is Iraq accepts UN inspectors back and takes the offer of a comprehensive review over the inspection process. And that could lead to an early leaving of sanctions if they get on with making the declarations they need to make.

- Well I don't seem, doesn't seem very likely at the moment, and Saddam Hussein is a master of brinkmanship so I think the show is not over yet.

- The trial of the former deputy prime minister of Malaysia Emua Ibrahim has heard allegations of a government smear campaign against him. The defense believes a secret report exists which proves senior politicians link to the prime minister Doctor Mahati Ahamed, spread false allegations of sexual misconduct. Prosecutors have denied such a report exists but they've been told by the judge to prove it does not.

- Aid agencies are warning that the onset of winter could worsen the plat of thousands of ethnic Albanian refugees in the Yugoslav province of Kosovo. Hazardous driving conditions caused by the snow and ice are hampering deliveries of food to displaced villages. Some fifty thousand people still sought to be taking shelter in woods, and is sought another hundred thousand still haven't returned to their homes.

- Ceremonies are being held in Germany to mark the sixtieth anniversary of crystal nacht the night of broken glass. This was the first high profile attack by nazis on the Jewish community in Germany. Shops and houses were set on fire and many Jews fled in terror. For the first time some of Germany's seventy thousand Jews will commemorate the night with street marches.

- The Israeli group Peace Now has accused settlers of setting up five new outposts in the west bank. Since the Wye River Agreement was signed by Israel and the Palestinians at the end of last month. Peace Now says the settlers have brought mobile homes on the hilltops near existing settlements. It says they are trying to create facts on the ground establishing a presence so that land cannot be given up to the Palestinians.

- The settlers call this midsday danny one of at least five new outposts established in the past two weeks. The Wye Memorandum calls on Israel to withdraw from another thirteen percent of the west bank. The settlers feel cheated by a government they helped to elect.

- We feel betrayed by the prime minister, he promised things before the elections and now we see that he doesn't have his word.

- The new outposts are all close to existing Jewish settlements, the government says it's all legal and denies there is any change in policy.

- We have not decided on building new settlements while we continue to allow the growth of the existing communities and that was our policy and that will remain our policy.

- We see it as a severe violation of the agreement of our plantation and of the declarations' principles Netenjahu has committed not to take any unilateral acts which will violate and contradict with the outcome of the negotiations over finest states issues and this instance is one of the finest states issues.

- In Nabless students voiced their anger at Israel's settlements policy. Israel has yet to ratify the Wye memorandum and each day brings news that Israel's colonization of the land goes on unchecked. Those organizing the rally are opposed to making peace with Israel anyway but when it comes to settlements heated rhetoric falls on receptive ears. Paul Adams, BBC News, Jerusalem.

- Officials from India and the United States are meeting in Delhi to discuss India's nuclear program. The Americans want India to open its stocks of atomic material to international inspection. The United States has also urged both India and Pakistan to sign the comprehensive nuclear test bent treaty.

- Jean Marais the French film star of the nineteen forties and nineteen fifties has died in Cannes aged eighty four. Jean Marais was the most popular young male lead in wartime France. He starred in films made by his friend Jean Cocteau from La Belle et la Bete in ninety forty five through to The Testament D'Orpheille made in nineteen sixty.

- The pop singer Michael Jackson has settled a libel case against a British newspaper which alleged he had been disfigured by plastic surgery. The Mirror accepted photographs it published in nineteen ninety two were not an accurate reflection of the singer's appearance and apologized for the distrust they had caused. No damages were paid but the newspaper agreed to meet some of the singer's legal costs. And you're watching BBC World.

- Still to come the suburbs that Santa Claus forgot, why the British city of Birmingham won't officially celebrate Christmas this winter.

- Belgian security forces say a string of attacks against the Burger bars on the continent is linked to the Animal Liberation Front in Britain. The latest of ten attacks took place at the weekend. In Britain the police are, have put together a special unit to combat the so called animal terrorism.

- A fast food restaurant in the Belgian city of Gent was the latest target in this increasingly violent campaign. There were no casualties in this attack at the weekend but the fire was very damaging to the inside of the building and the authorities are convinced they face a serious threat.

- The local fire chief said the blow was definitely started deliberately and followed a pattern. In all there had been ten attacks on the fast-food industry in Belgium this one at a MacDonalds near Brussels was one of the most serious and soon after animal rights extremists in Belgium omitted they were responsible. They said they were attacking in protest of the killing of animals and at the destruction of the rain-forests. The Animal Liberation Front in Britain on its website reported the attacks and its spokesman refused to condemn them.

- It has only just began in Belgium but now if it has started it will continue as long as animal abuse continues. The people concerned would be Belgian citizens who are tired of the law failing the animals.

- The most extreme and macabre incident so far involved the digging up of a body which was then left on the doorstep of a MacDonalds branch. The authorities are now seriously alarmed. Even the Belgian Security service the equivalent of MI5 is now involved leading the investigation.

- At the moment there are no casualties but we can't exclude it if people begin with terrorist attacks where will it end. We can't exclude that there are casualties in the future, so we have to investigate this problem.

- So here at the headquarters of the Belgian Security Service the fear is the attacks may continue and could become more serious. And there's evidence of a connection with British animal rights extremists all of it via the internet and very hard to police. David Shuckman BBC News in Brussels

- Gary Adams the leader of the IRA's political wing Sinn Fein has been holding talks in London with the British Prime Minister Tony Blair. The two men have been trying to put fresh life into the Northern Ireland peace process, just currently stalled on the issue of IRA weapons. Mister Adams says pro-British unionists are to blame for the stale mate.

- Almost half of all toys in the European Union aimed at under threes could be removed from the shelves if the European community decides the act on new research. Scientists in Holland have been unable to give a safety all clear the toys made from the plastic product PVC. But the toy industry's adonant is no course for concern.

- There's nothing little children and babies love more than to sink their gums and teeth into their toys. Manufacturers have for a longtime realized this and marketed flexible teething ring and bath toys to this age group. The substance is they use to make them rubbery and soft to bite is a combination of chemicals called flates. In fact forty percent of toys aimed at under threes in shops all over Europe contain them. But there are now serious safety doubts the European Commission's Scientific community has concluded that sucking of these toys may cause a risk of cancer, infertility and liver damage later in life. Affairs have already led to a ban in Spain and Denmark and the local authority here in Brussels encourage public nurseries to keep them out of the reach about the threes. Another round of research just completed in Holland has been in conclusive, environmental and safety campaigners have used this to step up their call for a ban. But the toy industry insists there is no sufficient evidence. Whether the European Commission is persuaded to take action or not it's likely that in the meantime many parents will want to keep the toys away from their children. Sarah Morris, BBC News, Brussels.

- Well Close friends of the heir to the British throne Prince Charles have told the BBC it is absolute rubbish that he wants the Queen to abdicate in his favor. In a documentary to be show later today in the UK his old school teacher says the prince thinks his private life must remain private.

- Prince Charles was opening Macedonia's stock exchange today, while his officials this is his Press Secretary Sandy Hanney kept in touch with London and the latest twists and turns in the analysis of his life. Last Friday the prince spent nearly and hour in conversation with Panorama. The conversation was not filmed but the program will reflect his thinking on private matters and the monarchy. The prince has also given approval for a life long friend Doctor Eric Anderson who taught him at Gordinston to speak on his behalf. Doctor Anderson dismisses the suggestion but the prince wants his mother to abdicate as complete nonsense.

- I do remember in fact once being with him when the press last raced the business of abdication on him from time to time. And he said to three or four of us who were visiting that occasion, They must be mad and I don't understand what the think they're getting at.

- On the question of the prince's relationship with Camilla Parker Bells, the prince has indicated both in his own conversations with Panorama and through Doctor Anderson, that he regards this as entirely their business.

- I think he feels as most people must that his private affairs are his private affairs, when he chooses to speak about them he will and to do it in his own terms in his own time.

- The prince has also expressed anger with those, who are using his life to make money. But his most recent biographer Penny Junor who's book includes claims about the Princes of Wales behavior is unrepentant.

- Possibly he is including me I don't know, all I do know is that he knows about this book, I believe he is not unhappy with this book.

- So Miss Junor evidently believes that the prince is secretly pleased with her book, even though two weeks ago the prince and Misses Parker Bells were doing their bests to disown it. Perhaps the only clear thing that can be said about all this is that the prince and his officials and certainly the Queen and her officials will be secretly relieved when Prince Charles' fiftieth birthday is over. Nicholas Witchell BBC News St. James' Palace.

- A singer with one of the most famous surnames in popular music has chosen Hong-Kong as the event he returns to live performances. Julian Lennon has just played in the territory it was his first live staged show in seven years. The son of the Beatle, John Lennon played before a capacity audience but later were entertained by American teen idols Boys to Men.

- Well Christmas will not be the same this year for people in the British city of Birmingham. While the dates of the public holidays will follow the traditional pattern. Local politicians there desired to refer to the feast of season as Winterball a term they think is more politically correct.

- Merry Christmas. The Declarations are out, but the local council has in two minds of what decoded. As the birthplace of the Balti Carrey the city is justly famous for its restaurants and vibrant multiculturalism. But its decision to rename the feast of season Winterball as part of its new type multicultural celebrations has astounded church leaders.

- I think the council is becoming more sensitive to it now they say Christmas is part of it but as far as I'm concerned Christmas doesn't fit as part of anything else, Christmas is Christmas.

- Entangled in the inevitable web of political correctness the council has declined to be interviewed. But issued a statement saying the council wanted everyone to enjoy Christmas, and that's what Winterball is all about. However the initiatives seem to have found little support among the very people it was designed to please.

- I would leave it as it is. Christmas should stay Christmas. And it is more exiting to the kids as well, yes Santa Claus as well.

- I think it's rather foolish to be honest, I don't see the point, political correctness really isn't the right thing to do.

- That should be more traditional, obviously they're forgetting the fact that, you know where the tradition started and I don't know why they're changing it.

- In its attempt to inherit its multicultural atmosphere by renaming Christmas the local authority seems to have done more harm than good. Bob Sinkinson BBC News Birmingham.

- And now a reminder of the main news. As aid from around the world arrives in Central America. The presidents of Honduras Nicaragua and Guatemala are to meet in El Salvador to discuss the international response to the disaster inflicted Hurricane Mitch. Today the former US President George Bush has been watching the progress of the relief effort in Honduras. And that's all from me Anita Macnaught and the BBC World Newsroom for the moment.

- Welcome to BBC World News I'm Anita Macnaught. The headlines: world leaders began addressing the depth of Central America's crisis. France unilaterally cancels the debt payment of all the stricken countries. Troops and demonstrators clash in the Indonesian capital Jakarta as crucial discussions began about Indonesia's political future. And foreign companies come under fire in Angola as gunmen attack a diamond mine leaving foreign nationals among the dead.

- The French government has announced it is unilaterally cancelling all debts owed by Central American countries, affected by Hurricane Mitch. The decision was announced by the French Finance Minister in the National Assembly. President Chirac of France is to visit the region affected by the hurricane next week . Earlier at an emergency meeting in San Salvador, Central American leaders called for an international body to be set up to co-ordinate the aid effort. They also backed efforts to obtain debt relief for Honduras and Nicaragua.

- Central American leaders flew to El Salvador to discuss the devastation of Hurricane Mitch. Carlos Flores the president of Honduras the worst hit country spoke for them all when he said the whole region was united by a common tragic. It was a perfect moment to strengthen the ties of brotherhood he said. As more details came in of the debt and the catastrophe and contact was made with the remote areas the message to the International Community was clear and uncompromising. Our economies are wrecked are governments are bankrupt shelf the repayment of our six billion dollars of international debt and give us as much aid as you can. Only a trickle of aid was announced straight after the disaster but now it seems the developed world is finally listening. The first country to respond was France which said it was canceling all its unilateral debt to the region. In London Britain announced more than fifteen million dollars to start an international trust fund. Pledges came from other countries including Spain which is giving a hundred million dollars.

- Ah, the needs of the Central American countries are now being heard throughout the world, and we want to do what we can and play our full part not only with what is to be done immediately but with the rebuilding of the economies.

- Please give as much as you can as quickly as you can because we've all been responding from within minutes the Hurricane Mitch hit so we've been putting out funds in advance of this.

- The banana industry earned Honduras a quarter of a billion dollars last year. Now with plantations flattened and fruit rotting it might be two years before there is another crop, that means thousands will be put out of work and the big multi nationals are threatening to pull out altogether.

- Our crops are our livelihood, now that they don't exist anymore people are without food, the children are hungry but there's nothing left to eat.

- Luckier survivors are moving in to sports halls for what's likely to be a long stay. Elsewhere more tragedies are discovered by the hour as Central America tries to come to terms with its enormous losses Humphrey Hawksley, BBC News.

- Well only now is aid reaching communities stranded by the floodwaters. Nicaraguan villages along the Coca river on the border with Honduras are among the last to get emergency supplies.

- It's been a long time since these people have seen any outsiders and there had been days in fact that they had to survive mid the floodwaters of the Coco river without food, clean water or medical help. And the strain is beginning to show. Hundreds of people are suffering from chronic diarrhea vomiting and in some cases they are passing blood. Whole families are on the verge of starvation. They lost their homes their crops, their farm animals when the Coca rose fifteen meters above its usual wet-season height. Cutting them off from all their escape routes. Now at last help has arrived. These world marines were on exercise in the Caribbean when the flood has hit Central America. They were training with the newly commissioned helicopter carrier when the call for help arrived. The marines commander has sent in ninety six troops to work on the grounds including an attachment of Dutch marines. They'll work with the local communities to build emergency shelters and clean water systems. They'll also be using the marines seeking helicopters to fly supplies of food and medicines in and the most critically ill people out.

- Even the marines with all the resource of their disposal will be hard pressed to make the short term needs of the Coco river communities. It's true that in some villages they'll be able to help out with water, food and medical supplies but here as in the rest of Nicaragua and Honduras the humanitarian crisis is still a long way from over. David Greste BBC News in Puerto Chibeses, Nicaragua.

- Clashes have broken out in the Indonesian capital Jakarta between pro and anti-government youth groups. They followed the start of a controversial meeting of the country's highest legislative body to discuss political reforms. The Indonesian authorities have deployed around thirty thousand troops and police around the capital. We are trying to get that item for you. Do we have a hope of getting it? I'm sorry we don't we may come back to it if we have time.

- The Nigerian government meanwhile says it has retrieved about seven hundred and fifty million dollars from the family of the former military leader Sani Abacha who died in June. The authorities say the money has been put into a special account at the Central Bank until the government decides what to do with it.

- And it emerged that foreign nationals were among those killed and captured on Sunday in a raid on a diamond mine in Angola in Southwest Africa. Around fifty armed men believed to be members of the rebel group Unita attacked the complex at Yetwenay at the north-east of the country. seven mine employees were killed in the attack including two British a Portuguese national and four Angolans. Our reporter Keith Morris has recently returned from visiting the mine and has this report for us.

- The Yetwenay mine carved after the diamond rich Jakartni river had only been operational for a few months before the attack. Angola's diamond bonanza is a high risked business attracting adventurers. Most of the workers of the mine are Angolan the handful of expatriate managers in control. Operations are around the clock but it was in the middle of the night that a group of around fifty men attacked the camp killing and taking hostages. With private security guards constantly patrolling the mine and the Angolan army managing security outside, the company thought it was safe. The mine area was once controlled by Unita rebels who fought a twenty years civil war with the government. Unita reluctantly abandoned this camp near the mine last year as part of the UN broken peace agreement. As Unita who eye witnesses say carried out the attack. Just three weeks ago the BBC asked the mine's managers how worried they were about security.

- There's a lot to fight for and certainly Unita appear to be taking more of an active interest in the diamond areas. There are risks but all the companies involved do take preventive actions to reduce those to the absolute minimum.

- With arguably the highest concentration of gem diamonds in the world and vast oil reserves as well, Angola's mineral wealth is an irresistible prize which has caused two decades of war between ideological enemies who are happy to pocket the cash. The government is training more soldiers for its fight against Unita. Neither side want peace or democracy, which would mean sharing power and wealth. Angola's repulsive president for twenty years Jose Eduardo de Santos has been abroad trying to drum up international support but his ministers and their enemy Unita both admit the four year peace process is all but dead. A full scale civil war is virtually inevitable. A quarter of a million of Angolans had been made internal refugees since the beginning of the year. The diamond companies and now in the foreign mine as well. Keith Morris BBC News.

- Well we have retrieved that story for you, to remind you: clashes have broken out in the Indonesian capital Jakarta between pro and anti-government youth groups, following the start of a controversial meeting of the country's highest legislative body to discuss political reforms.

- This week was meant to mark a new beginning for Indonesia but these are scenes more reminiscent of the bad old days. Gangs of pro- government youths have been running riot outside the parliament attacking the students who have come to demonstrate. The plan by the military to involve civilians in securing the special assembly backfired as clashes spread across the city. The assembly was given a grand opening by president Habibi. He wants it to be his instrument for reforming Indonesia's political institutions. But most of these delegates are relics of the Suharto era. Few Indonesians expect much from them a perception some are trying to fight while offering at least a promise of improvements. But it's hard to imagine democracy being built in a parliament which is now more like a fortress. The thousands of troops and police deployed here have done nothing to boost this assembly's credibility nor have the clashes they failed to prevent out on the streets.

- By bringing its own gangs of supporters out on the street to fight the students the military has shown that it's ready to allow this assembly to regenerate into violence. The tactic may work but it will do nothing for Indonesia's already tarnished image.

- Trouble has continued well into the night overshadowing the proceedings inside the parliament. The assembly's opponents are not deterred students abide to keep up their protests until their demands a more sweeping changes are met. Jonathan Head BBC News, Jakarta.

- As Central America struggles to cope with the aftermath of Hurricane Mitch, the International Conference on climate change in Buenos Aires has been warned that such violent storms may become more common. Political leaders and environmental campaigners are trying to agree ways of cutting green house gases. The pollution blamed for climate change but progress is slow and green campaigners are blaming the world's major industrial powers.

- The hurricane that devastated Central America was the worse for at least two hundred years. If the earth's atmosphere continues to warm such storms could occur more often. After another year of extreme weather the climate conference in Buenos Aires is taken on greater urgency. John Prescott arrived today to meet president Carlos Menen of Argentina and to try to kick start sluggish negotiations. The industrialized countries agreed in Japan last year to reduce emissions of the green house gases like carbon dioxide thought to be warming the earth by trapping heat in the atmosphere. But the conference and the environmental groups highlighted the disputes which could threaten that agreement.

- The United States insists that instead of reducing the amount of carbon dioxide it produces, it should be allowed to find the right to produce as much as it wants. Under a system of trading in carbon industrialized countries could pay cash to nations like Russia for part of their share of green house gas emissions. Critics of the system say it will leave America and other big producers of carbon dioxide without any incentive to clean up. The role of less developed countries like China could also scatter an agreement in Buenos Aires. The United States says it won't sign up unless such nations agree to cut their production of green house gases. But poorer countries say the need to cut pollution could harm their growth.

- The best we can expect from this conference is a set of deadlines by which issues such as trading in carbon have to be settled. Meanwhile the earth's climate continues to become more unpredictable and more violent. Robert Piggot BBC News, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

- And you're watching BBC World. Still to come a new treatment which could save the lives of thousands of people who suffer from heart disease.

- A British family doctor has been sent for trial accused of murdering one of his elderly patients and forging her will. Harold Shipman a general practitioner from Greater Manchester in the north of England is also accused of killing three other woman in his care. Earlier today a seventh body was exhumed by Manchester Police in connection with the inquiry. A priest was present as the operation was carried out.

- It's been announced that the Israeli Cabinet will convene on Wednesday to vote on the latest internal peace accord with the Palestinians. Israel halt a discussion of the land for security deal last Friday after a bomb attack in Jerusalem. Meanwhile local elections across Israel are being held with the outcome likely to underline the differences between the Jewish and Palestinian communities. In Jerusalem Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netenjahu called on everyone to vote on what he said was a united city for Arabs and Jews alike. But Palestinian leaders have called for a boycott of the elections.

- The result of Jerusalem's vote is not in doubt. The right wing incumbent Emett Alija is expected to win by a comfortable majority. The only question after five years, will the major's right winged religious coalition continue to dominate the city's politics. In Arab East-Jerusalem a strike called to protest over elections most Palestinians dismissed as irrelevant. Since Israel's military conquest more than thirty years ago Palestinians have largely shunned the protest they regard as cementing Israel's grip on their part of the city. Slogans on the walls reinforce the boycott.

- We are not accepting the legitimacy of this election this is illegal elections because the annexation of Jerusalem to Israel was illegal from the beginning.

- Some Palestinians are disobeying orders and risk being branded as traitors. For decades they've complained of poor services and blither discrimination. Some like Business man Hussein Alian who's running for council seat say participation in Jerusalem's politics is the only way to make a difference. Israel's prime Minister says the Palestinians should vote and not surprisingly is more than ready to make political capital out of today's boycott.

- Jerusalem is a united city, for Arabs and Jews alike, everybody should vote. I think they'd not only made a mistake I think it contravenes the spirit of the Oslo Agreement, which they obliged themselves not to take any actions that regard Jerusalem.

- This is not a referendum on the peace process, but the image conscious Mister Netenjahu wants the results to reflect well on himself. He's campaigned hard on behalf of the political allies. Poll suggests a low turnout. Paul Adams BBC News, Jerusalem.

- Well with me, with me in the studio is Jerry Lewis, Israel's, Israel Radio's correspondent based here in London, Welcome. Israel's national police chief is calling these local elections the most violent in Israel's history. What is going on? I mean these are just local elections and not national office.

- Yes but there are tempers raised there are concerns among the different political groupings within Israel and they are fighting for what may well be a general election next year. They want to get, they foot in early, they want to make sure they've got enough support, and these fractions are very-very strongly opinionated. And that's really what's cause a lot of armistice on.

- Not all that much I would add here, because are local election on local issues and there are only one or two instances where there are going to be a national issue which is going to pervade the local matters and in a northern developed town place called Beitar, where David Levi the former Foreign Minister is understanding he has a very large constituency of northern, northern African and Arab supporters. They are watching very closely to see how well he will stand, he has got nine seats in the Israeli government sorry in the parliament. If he does well he is gonna hope that he keeps that position next time at the general election.

- The Israeli cabinet is meeting on Wednesday of course to vote on the white-lease accord. How straight forward is that vote likely to be?

- Hopefully the disastrous attitude was after the bomb explosion in Jerusalem on Friday that anticipated and hopefully Netenjahu will persuade those colleagues of his who first opposed to the peace deal that they want to vote for it just to keep the coalition going. If he doesn't win the vote in the cabinet he still has to win the vote in the parliament. That will be less of a problem but he may have a disintegration within his government.

- That will be lesser of a problem in the parliament so they also start at the same time debating the issue.

- Yes but the labor party already indicated they will support him, they will give him the safety net for a couple of months just to get the particular agreement through. His biggest problem is keeping his coalition partners in tune, on speak with him over this particular issue and he's got major problems there.

- President Clinton has been questioned by the FBI and the Justice Department, their officials as part of a continued investigation into alleged campaign finance abuses. President answered questions from FBI agents injusticed officials for an hour and a half. Mister Clinton faces allegations that he was actively involved in efforts to divert money raised by the Democratic Party to his own re-election campaign.

- America's most prominent black military leader General Colin Powell has come to London to speak on a conference on equal opportunities in the armed forces. General Powell was head of the US military during the gulf war and was once hotly tipped as a potential presidential candidate. Britain's Ministry of Defence has invited him to support his campaign to attract more black and Asian recruits into the armed forces.

- General Colin Powell introduced as a great soldier public servant and human being spoke of his pleasure of being with British colleagues again this time not in Nato or desert storm, but campaigning for opportunity for all.

- That's not policies or programs that will get you to your goal it is the commanders and leaders who take this on as a central mission. He told the assembled audience that in the United States where the armed forces were desegregated fifty years ago the military had been at the fan guard of social change.

- Most people consider the modern civil rights movement America to date from the late nineteen fifties, but in reality the civil rights movement in America began years earlier, not on the streets of America but in the armed forces of the United States.

- As the Gulf war showed there are staunch differences in the complexion of the American and British troops. The US army has proportionately twice as many black soldiers as there are black Americans in the population at large. In Britain ethnic minorities make up just one percent of military personnel, when there should be near as six percent. Lambasted last year for racism the MOD is now trying to turn those figures around. But Bomadi Nasar Kahn who served in the gulf regrets the day he ever signed up for service. He says he was the victim of repeated racism throughout his army career.

- I've done nothing else you know take the hat after the man, but what he is going to achieve in three or four hours that the army hasn't been able to achieve in the last ten years, they say they are giving all these things towards ethnic minorities recruiting I think it's just a waste of taxpayers money.

- General Colin Powell's appearance here today is all part of the listening and learning exercise that the MOD is putting itself through. But it must also be hoping that by associating with such a high profiled figure its claim to be stamping out racism will be given more credibility among the sceptics. Reeta Chakrabarti BBC News Central London.

- A Malaysian police officer has said that he and other officers forced a man and a woman to retract allegations of sexual misconduct against the former Deputy Prime Minister Emua Ibrahim. In testimony on the seventh day of Mister Emua's trial on corruption and sexual offences the officer said in tense mental pressure had been excreted on Mister Emua's accuses. Mister Emua denies the charges against him and claims he was the victim of a high level conspiracy. The court is examining allegations Mister Emua abused his power to force police to obtain retractions.

- A simple injection that allows the heart to grow new blood-vessels could eventually give a new hope to thousands of patients. At the moment people with blocked arteries have bypass surgery which isn't though was effective. Now doctors in the United States are testing a naturally occurring protein that encourages new capillaries to bypass the blockage.

- Three years ago Steven Cadoret had severe heart disease, blood-vessels in his heart wall had become blocked. An operation to sew new vessels into his heart to bypass the blockage solved the problem for a while until they too crocked up. He was devastated.

- I was stunned. I couldn't believe that. In three and a half years, what I thought was gonna last possibly a lifetime there I was blocked up again.

- Mister Cadoret became a guinea pig for a new procedure. It enabled his heart to grow his own Blood-vessels to bypass the blocked once. The technique involves injecting a chemical into the body. It's a great factor and stimulates the cells in the damaged heart to produce new blood-vessels.

- David Smith is about to have the injection. His original heart bypass operation didn't last. Doctors are just trying out the procedure at the moment. British experts are cautious, because there could be drawbacks, it may cause blood-vessels to grow where they are not wanted. In the eye for example, or it may encourage tumors.

- The technique is potentially enormously exciting but we need to be very careful to make sure it will not increase risks as well as providing short term benefits.

- Two months after his injection Steven Cadoret was playing basketball again, doctors warned the technique has jet to be properly assessed and that could take several more years. James Wilkinson BBC News.

-Now a reminder of the main news. European governments have announced steps to help the countries of Central America devastated by the recent hurricane. France says it's canceling all debts it's owed by countries involved, and Britain has proposed a suspension of all debt service payment. And that's all from the BBC World Newsroom for the moment.

- Welcome to BBC World News I'm Philip Hayton. The headlines: Seven demonstrators have been killed on the streets of Jakarta during running battles with Indonesian troops. Many more have been hurt. president Saddam Hussein promises a positive Iraqi response to any initiative to end the weapons inspections crisis. And the UN Climate Conference gets bombed down by details.

- Seven people have been killed in clashes between demonstrators in the Indonesian capital Jakarta. Troops fired plastic bullets and tear gas of the protesters who were demanding more political reform. They are not happy about the decisions taken at the special parliamentary session held this week.

- It looks innocent enough but the regimental stones have a nasty edge and so did the eyes. Nearby the demonstrating students are also singing, each tribe with its chant a chant of war. And then the battle, one of the many today. It's not certain what's started it, a rock thrown by the mob or an unprovoked army charge we've seen both but there's no doubt who have the upper hand. These soldiers were hunting down unarmed demonstrators hiding in the bushes, firing in point blank rage. For many there was no chance of escape, the troops were using rubber bullets but at close range even they can kill. This man had been shot in the head but was still alive just. So was this one shot in the neck and they are trying to save him and take him to the doctor, but they were beaten by the soldiers and they'll have to leave him in the street. At first the ambulances couldn't get through and these casualties are rushed to the nearby university building. The night's close is seven deaths including one local journalist and hundreds injured. Six months ago these people demonstrated to remove a dictator and succeeded. This time they only want to quicken the pace of political reform, but their punishment is much harsher.

- We only have just stone, we don't have bullets we don't have protection OK? What we have stone and spirit for the right thing.

- This is more than just crowd control, this is an army raging war against its own people. Indonesia's version if you like is to channel the threat, with rubber bullets, plastic bullets and now perhaps even with real bullets. One thing is certain, the violence on theses streets has its own image and it's everything to see how a debate in parliament can stop it.

- Even getting to the debate was a problem for President Habibi. All the roads were blocked so he had to take a helicopter to attend his own parliament. Inside the chamber a different world and a bitter irony. This relic of the Suharto era has met some of the students demands. President Habibi signed the degree which will initiate an investigation into the former dictator and the army's interference in politics will be reduced. Although outside on the streets one could be forgiven for thinking otherwise. At this office building the soldiers were fleeing demonstrators down the stairs. Treatment like this is only likely to incur the people's rock. Indonesia today looks like a country bent on self mutilation, Matt Frei BBC News Jakarta.

- Well I'm joined now from another of our London Studios, by Arya Gunawan of the BBC Indonesian Service. So elections have been set by parliament for May or June, no precise date. Is that going to be enough to quarrel the riots?

- I think, I don't think so because, because the students still want to see Habibi step down now. They think Habibi as president is not legitimate at all.

- So who do they think should run the country until elections are held in six months time?

- They say it is to put some sort of presidium, national presidium which contains some, some leading figures, some opposition figures.

- Under what circumstances would president Habibi step down and allow this to happen, do you think?

- I don't think Mister Habibi will step down at all because now he thinks that he has already got people's mandate after the closing of the plenary session, so that's why he will continue to put his own agenda, which is trying to put the political reform to be carried on by him and his government.

- Do you think that this date for elections of May or June can be trusted or is president Habibi likely to procrastinate, prevaroquate.

- I think Mister Habibi should, should, really fulfill his promise to put the general election in May next year at the latest in June, otherwise this protest will be continuing and will topple him down at last.

- Now what about the military, the parliament has voted today that they are going to keep their reserved seats. Will the students put up with that?

- No I don't think so, I think one of the key demands of the students was to see the military completely banned from having a seat in the parliament, so that's why the military has a fairly difficult position, has a fairly difficult position to deal with. They have to act very friendly to the protesters but just now we have heard that at least six people are killed so that's why I think there is a scenario that Habibi might sacrifice the military and send them to barrack to fulfill the protesters' demands.

- President Saddam Hussein has said he is ready to respond positively to any initiative, which meets Iraq's legitimate demands. This statement cam after President Jelcin Had written to the Iraqi leader urging him to resume cooperation with UN weapons inspectors rather than risk a military confrontation. President Clinton stressed again that it was in the hands of President Saddam Hussein to and the crisis now.

- Iraq is practicing for peace, a peace festival to be held on Sunday. There's also been a faint flicker in its hard line attitude on the current crisis. The statement issued by Saddam Hussein this afternoon saying he is ready to respond to any offer of negotiation. In the streets there's no concern or panic people have been here too often before. But this crisis isn't following the usual script. Nobody is offering to talk even those who have helped the Iraqi leader in the past are telling him he is on his own now. But neither official statement nor government newspaper no street opinion show any softening of Iraq's demands..

- We got fed up, we want a solution we did everything but there is no humanity from aboard, from the United Nations.

- The United States feels there is nothing left to negotiate about, so it's continuing to send tanks, troops and aircraft to the Gulf. This public build up serves a political as well as a military purpose. To make sure that the Iraqi leader realizes that the only way out is to back down.

- Saddam Hussein has it within his hands to end this crisis now by resuming full cooperation with UNSCOM. Just yesterday his own neighbors in the Arab World made it clear that this choice is his alone and the consequences if he fails to comply his alone in terms of responsibility.

- British tourists in Israel are being brought home after the official warnings about the risk of being caught in hostilities. London and Washington are suggesting that the choice between war and peace is out of their hands. It lies now with Iraq. Brian Hanrahan BBC News.

- Well as we have just heard, American troops and bombers are continuing to head for the Gulf. BBC's Defense correspondent Mark Lathey reports on the military buildup and what might be the likely targets for the forces ranged against Iraq.

- American F-15 fighter-bombers fly off to join the growing air armada in the Golf. By the time the build up is completed it will total over three hundred aircraft and hundreds of cruise missiles. Such a force although far smaller than for the Gulf War, is capable of causing immense damage. An aircraft like the stealth fighter-bomber are more sophisticated than anything Iraq can cope with. Although to reduce the risk to air-cruise, our vital first task will be to destroy Iraq's rebuilt air defences and command systems. The main target though is to attack the suspected biological and chemical weapons at the center of the crisis. And Saddam's personal power base the secret police and the republican guard also seem likely to be attacked. As usual un-man cruise missiles, which minimize the risk of allied casualties will be a key early weapon. Over the years they have become steadily more accurate, even so if they are not enough on their own. More specialized weapons carried by aircraft are needed to penetrate the many deep, well protected bunkers and weapon storage sites. And as the aircraft prepare for action one key issue is, how good the US intelligence is about where Saddam's secret sites are. The recent cruise missile strike on an alleged chemical weapons plant in Sudan, show the extraordinary accuracy of the weapons, for many believe on the wrong target. The air cruise missile is to avoid civilian casualties launched to maintain often fragile international support for air-strikes. This will make it even harder for the United States to plan an air campaign widespread enough to really undermine Saddam Hussein'. And for all its power, the US knows its highly unlikely to be able to topple Saddam. Mark Lathey BBC News.

- The most wanted man in Turkey, the leader of the Curdish Rebel Movement has been arrested in Rome. Abdullah Ocalan the fugitive leader of the PKK was flying in from Moscow. The Turkish Prime Minister hail the arrest as a major step forward in the fight against the PKK. Chris Morris reports from the Turkish capital, Ankara.

- Abdullah Ocalan seen here in archived footage taken in a PKK camp in Lebanon is Turkey's most wanted man. He has led armed struggle against the Turkish State for more than fourteen years. A war marked by extreme brutality on both sides. But he is now a long way from the people who fight for him. In Italian captivity with a Turkish extradition request pending. The Turkish Prime Minister said the arrest of Mister Ocalan is a great step forward in the fight against the PKK. But the rebel leader is reported by Curdish sources to be applying for political asylum in Italy. Much now depends on the attitude of the Italian Judiciary. Other Curdish activists have been granted refugee status in the past. This case will be a politically explosive one. Mister Odgelan has been on Interpol's wanted list for many years, but it was only in the last few weeks that he was forced to go on the run. He had to leave his former basis Syria after Turkish military threats against Damascus. He has appealed for political asylum in Russia, and was clearly unsuccessful. Well Mister Odgelan is heat figure for most Turks, he remains a hero to many of his Curdish followers. But the PKK movement he leads may now be facing a real crisis. Chris Morris, BBC News Ankara.

- The conference on climate change in Buenos Aires has entered its closing stages with politicians in detailed talks on a final resolution. The ground of an agreement is beginning to emerge but it's now possible that the conference will continue for another day. The countries taking part are still divided over how gases blamed for global warming should be reduced.

- After private talks lasting until three thirty in the morning, politicians here may well be forced into a second night of negotiations as they try to sort out a detailed action plan on cutting emissions of green house gases. Some agreement is emerging such as an early move to encourage companies in industrial countries to invest in clean technology in the developing world. But there's still sharp disagreement on America's insistence that there should be no limit on the use of the free market to pay for pollution cuts overseas.

- We're committed to a very significant domestic action, but that should be supplemented by the cheapest way of reducing a ton of carbon and that's by emissions trading. So you can't trade your way out of the problem but you can supplement domestic action by trading and that's what we want to do we shouldn't be limited by some arbitrary cab in how much you can trade.

- European and developing world governments say that there should be a cab and some accuse the Americans of using this argument as an obstacle to progress.

- It's a slap in the face for the developing countries all of whom have a greed to some form of trading, which is what the Americans wanted but on the basis that America Would do something at home.

- At the end of their drawn out talks the governments here are likely to agree what's being described as the Buenos Aires Mandate, a detailed plan for implementing last year's Kyoto agreement on cutting emissions. It will leave many important disputes to be settled in the future, but supporters of firm action against global warming see one important note of optimism at this conference, the growing number of companies in Europe and America, which now accept the need for pollution cuts and which are already planning the best way of achieving them. Tim Hurt BBC News Buenos Aires.

- Aid agencies working in Honduras in the wake of Hurricane Mitch say the biggest threat to life is now disease, after the breakdown of the water system and the failure to clear up the bodies of those who have died in the disaster. Local health authorities have warned that it's only a matter of time before there's a major epidemic.

- The Coco river in the Honduran capital Tegucigalpa is appallingly dirty, yet thousands of people swim in it every day. The risk of diseases like dengue fever and cholera are high, health hazards are seemingly worry no one.

- Yes there's no alternative, this man told me. This is where we have to bath and wash.

- In Tegucigalpa seventy five percent of the population has no access to clean water in their homes, what little they can buy is used to drink.

- Necessity forces the people to use the river even though they know the dangers. Dead bodies have floated down here, the result of Hurricane Mitch. The broken sewage system has forced tons of waste into the river. The local Authority says it's only a matter of time before a major epidemic.

- But this isn't just a problem confined to the capital. The Hurricane disrupted the water supply across Honduras.

- In terms clean water of you have that four point five million people have no access to clean water.

- Doctors in the pediatric unit of the Esthella Hospital are already counting the cost of a nation with little clean water. These tiny babies are badly dehydrated, the result of diarrhea. The problem is their mothers don't have clean water so they bath their babies and prepare their waters in contaminated water.

- We are seeing more cases of diarrhea we don't know yet how bad the epidemic will get.

- Water purification machines are badly needed here they are a top priority for the authorities. But until the country's water supply system is restored there are many who risk their lives for an afternoon dip. Clive Myrie, BBC News Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

- NATO has approved plans for the deployment of seventeen hundred strong rapid reaction forced Kosovo to guarantee the safety of the international monitors of the peace deal. Our correspondent Jeremy Cook reports now on the problem they will face.

- It will be a highly visible presence it prediction her both to see and to be seen. It's hoped that the patrols will help to give refugees confidence to return to their villages. But their real mission here is to make sure that Slobodan Milosevic lives up to the promises he's made to the International Community. That issued a verification may not start for several more weeks, because of huge logistical problems. For now the job is simply to observe what's happening. A small advance party of British observers has been in Kosovo for most of the last week, setting up communications and getting to know the country. The British Government will send two hundred monitors here more than half of them from the ranks of the military forces. All of them though will be unarmed.

- There is risk in everything, by the end of the week we'll have twenty vehicles and fifty British under grounds. The likelihood of incidence occurring has become less and less because obviously I think both sides now have, have realized now that a political solution is going to be the only way out of this.

- But renewed attack from Serb paramilitary police by the Kosovo Liberation Army made it clear that a political solution is still at distant prospect. Their position has been hit by rockets and gunfire and two Serb policemen were allegedly kidnapped and tortured before being killed by the ethnic Albanian Rebels. The KLA too are taking casualties twenty two year old Bektesh Hagity was one of five rebels killed when the Serbs attacked the car they were traveling in. He was brought back to his village to be buried with full military honors.

- The level of violence here has been reduced more of this is a reminder that the conflict here is not over and the international observers know that they will be patrolling the countryside which could once again become a battlefield.

- But now though the rebels say that British and other monitors will not be harmed.

- In NATO Tree there will be safe but we will be watching what they are doing. They will be very safe but as soldiers we must know what they are doing.

- The KLA appears to be growing stronger the rebels are swelling their numbers by swearing in hundreds of new recruits. The unarmed monitors are entering the region with a potential for renewed violence is high. The willingness to compromise apparently non existence. Jeremy Cook BBC Kosovo.

- A catholic football team in Northern Ireland has pulled out of a match against a provincial police force. The vuel lost a constabulary because of fear for players' safety. The club Donegal Celtic has come under immense pressure from Sinn Fein another Republican group, not to play the game. Move comes despite the peace process in the province.

- Donegal Celtic officials handed out their statement not surprisingly in the circumstances none wanted to do interviews. But for the record the Club's secretary did read it out, carefully argued but containing the core reason why the club will not want to by-play the RUC.

- Committee members team managers and players and to everyone involved in this controversy and recently has the price of a sullen cent, increased on Donegal Park.

- An intermediate club which aims to play at a higher level has been forced by intimidation and a threat of boycotts by other social and sports clubs in the area, to reverse its own democratic decision that the match should be played. Donegal Celtic will not by-play the RUC. Politicians are blaming Sinn Fein in the RUC chief council Ronnie Flanagan that he was speaking guardedly doesn't disagree.

- Well people will draw their own conclusion, but it's hard to escape that particular conclusion I have to say.

- Donegal Celtic is an important element in the life of West-Belfast most of its current football players come from the area, and the club itself harbors ambitions eventually to get into the senior Irish League. Sinn Fein denies there was any intimidation and said it was all the RUC's fault.

- And I think that the RUC should have withdrawn and should have had the sensitivity not to create this problem for the West Belfast Club.

- This is a club in a catholic area with catholic support, but that means there can be catholic opposition too, especially when the game is against the RUC. There's no doubt that this is a football club which has been got up for nakedly political reasons. Richard Morris BBC News at Donegal Celtic.

- Now for a rare find. It has got claws like meat-hawks a skull like a crocodile and he is out of Africa. A new species of dinosaur's been discovered in the desert. The fossilized skeleton is around a hundred and ten million years old and thirty six feet long, and it belongs to an unusual group of fish-eating dinosaurs. Our science correspondent Sue Nelson investigates.

- Until a few years ago very little was known about fish-eating dinosaurs, then a dinosaur so called Baryonyx was discovered in Britain with partly digested fish-remains in its stomach. Well this new find is very similar to a Baryonyx except that it has had a much lower and longer snout, and it could be the missing link between this and the much larger Spinosaurus.

- This upper jar bone belongs to a Spinosaurus, the current subject of Doctor Angela Millner's work at the National History Museum. She's also published papers on the Baryonyx the new dinosaur species fits neatly between the two.

- This is the thumb claw from a Baryonyx which came from a British pit near Dawning in Xarea in nineteen eighty three. This is the thumb claw of the new animal and you can see how similar they are indeed. They're both about the same length but the new animal's claw is a little bit more robust and that tells us that this animal was about one third larger than the Baryonyx.

- The dinosaur was uncovered in Central Niger by a international team of scientists. It's been named Suchamimus Themorensus. Antesuchos the Greek word for crocodile and themoru desert where it was found. The discovery has shared new light on the evolution of this peculiar group of fish-eating predators. And shows there's more to two legged dinosaurs than as the origin of birds. Sue Nelson, BBC News.

- Now, before we go a reminder of the main news. And another day of violent clashes in the Indonesian capital Jakarta, security forces fired tear gas and rubber-coated bullets in tens and thousand of protesters some of whom threw petrol bombs. And that's it, that's all from the newsroom for now.

- Hello and welcome! Ahead on world news from Washington. More members of the United Nation's inspection team bail out of Baghdad as the United States reviews its response options. Protest in Indonesia's capital doubts that democracy is truly on the way. And in the waters of Venezuela an amazing find. The remains of a battle at sea more than three hundred years ago.

- Patience appears to be wearing thin in the West over Iraq staunch refusal to cooperate with the united nations weapons inspectors. Five more inspector has left Baghdad Monday as consultations continued between Washington and its gulf war allies of a possible military action against Iraq. CNN's military affairs correspondent Jamie McIntyre joins us know with the latest. Jamie!

- Well Sonia, US officials say a decision on the use of force against Iraq is at least a week away. Asked about the timetable for a possible US Military strikes, one Senior official indicated the window for action was between one and three weeks, telling CNN, quote ,,it will not be days it will not be months". But if the US take eulateral action against Iraq it could spell the end of the mission of UN Inspectors which for seven years has been looking for Iraq's chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. Even if inspections end the US insists it is made clear that sanctions will remain.

- We have made very clear that until Iraq complies with the with the requirements of the security council it cannot get out from under the sanctions regime and cannot regain its status in the world. If Iraq does not cooperate with UNSCOM sanctions we'll remain on indefinitely.

- If the US decides to launch military strike it has a wide range of options that could be carried out by forces in the region or by moving additional forces to the golf. For instance it prepared now to launch cruise missile attacks from seven surfer ships and one submarine in the Persian Gulf. The US could also use man bombers from the aircraft carrier Eisenhower which is now in a five days forthfall in the United Arab Emirates. And sources say in addition B2 stealth bombers could attack bombers in Iraq from their base in Missouri. The airport says each of the bat winged radar evading heavy bombers is capable of hitting sixteen targets in a single sortie using two thousand pound satellite guided bombs. Pentagon officials say that the goal of military strikes would be the same as last winter to degrade Saddam Hussein's ability to produce weapons of mass destruction diminish his capacity to threaten his neighbors and keep him contained in the region. Sonia?

- Jamie McIntyre from the Pentagon thanks. Well for now US secretary General Kofi Annan has no plans to go to Baghdad to try to break the sign-off. Iraq insists it will not change direction calling its decision to hold cooperation objective just and legal. CNN's Ben Wedeman reports.

- This was Baghdad a year ago almost daily demonstrations vocal condemnations that United Nations weapons inspectors. And this is Baghdad today calm at least on the surface. But the superficial tranquillity can be deceiving. On Monday the second group of UN inspectors pulled out of Baghdad. Another detachment will leave on Wednesday. In total about a fourth of UNSCOM staff will have left by midweek. UNSCOM is playing down the importance of the pullout.

- We also have the capacity to resume a full range of responsibilities should we be required to do so.

- It doesn't look likely they will be required to do so any time soon. There is precious little movement towards breaking the current impasse over inspections. The UN's troubleshooter for Iraq is talking with Iraqi leaders but hasn't recorded any progress. Another would-be peace maker former Irish Prime Minister Albert Reynolds is winding up talks with Iraqi officials, so far empty handed.

- Hopefully we can be somehow up in bringing the message that there is no need for us after this country can overview that it can be done by dialog and debate.

- But elsewhere the message was less optimistic. In meetings with Golf leaders British Defense Minister George Robertson warned that this crisis is the worst since the nineteen ninety one gulf war. Time, Robertson said is running out for Iraqi president Saddam Hussein. In the face of all this, Iraq isn't blinking. Vice president Taha Yassin Ramadan said Iraq will not reverse its decision to halt cooperation with weapons inspectors. He brushed off possible US led air and missiles strike as empty threads. That's the official line unwavering defiance. But diplomatic channels remain open. Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz is said to be in almost daily contact with UN secretary general Kofi Annan. There is still the possibility of a deal. Ben Wedeman CNN, Baghdad.

- Palestinian authority minister Nabil Shh'ath from Monday renewed course for an independent Palestinian state by next may and said the Arab league make hole a summit to pressure Israel to implement the wide river agreement signed in Washington last month. The Israeli cabinet suspended debate on ratifying the accord after a suicide bombing in Jerusalem Friday. CNN's Jerusalem Bureau Chief Walter Rogers has more.

- A bomb's up but an uncertain trumpet still no clear signal on whether Prime Minister Netanjahu's Government will stick precisely to the timetable of the Wye River Agreement well when his cabinet will ratify it.

- We would like to pursue with the agreement. As soon as we have insurances that the spade of terrorist bombing is that we have had is now taking care of by a systematic comprehensive action of the Palestinians against.

- Three attacks by Islamic militants complicate Mister Netanyahu's task of getting nine necessary votes in his cabinet for approval of the Wye Agreement. And a bit seems like this Mister Netenjahu has a familiar dilemma he used to deride his predecessor Simon Peres for declaring the peace process must go forward in spite terrorist bombing.

- Netenjahu is now burdened with the responsibility of having a fixed in signature to an agreement. And he disown this agreement although perhaps he is having second thoughts about it.

- The Prime Minister has been using local election rallies to convince people he is still pokerish about Israel's security. He is also struggling to prevent a revolt among his poor supporters, Jewish settlers and ultra-nationalists. Settlers built five new caravan sites on the west banks in Suai upsetting the United States and the Palestinians, settlement building with a message to Mister Netenjahu too.

- We decided to move caravans here because the Wye bentation agreement we think its a very bad agreement, we feel betrayed by the prime minister.

- So far the settlers have been allowed to stay for their giving that impression that sometimes Mister Netenjahu also wants to distance himself from his own peace agreement. But how long can he maneuver?

- It is time for it Mister Netenjahu will have to go back on the offense in publicly and again support the agreements. I think he has to wait a couple of days until some of the echoes of his suicide bombings die down a little bit.

- Several ministers say the Israeli cabinet could approve the wide peace agreement this week. Analysts say Mister Netenjahu has no choice. But he is still evasive about exactly when he is going to do it. Walter Rogers CNN, Jerusalem

- Ahead on World news from Washington, thousands rally in Indonesia on the eve of an important reform meeting, and from central America a new appeal for help.

- In Indonesia violence the day before a special legislative session is to address government perform. The country is in political and economic turmoil and there is widespread distrust of the current leaders. CNN's Jakarta Bureau chief Maria Ressa reports on a second straight day of demonstrations.

- It seems very little to set off violence in the little jit today particularly when rival groups stage rounds side by side . On this side of this park pro reform students critical of the government on the other side pro government Muslim supporters. Outside more radical students demanding president Habibi step down. The military says it has thirty thousand troops in Jakarta but what students and residents say are more alarming that the vigilante groups hired to quote Keep the peace. Mostly young boys armed with bamboo poles a hundred twenty five thousand in all patrol in Jakarta's main street. But student leaders say this is the group most likely to provoke violence. In this instance they jump out of the trucks throwing stones at students behind university gates, forcing the military to intervene. This student says we're being attacked and the military isn't protecting us. This soldier answers we're neutral and did not defend either side we just tried to stop violence. Near the parliament building soldiers stopped thousands of students another sign they will not be allowed near the special assembly on Tuesday.

- This meeting comes at a crucial time for Indonesia reform has worst economic crisis in more than a three decades. It is facing a potential breakdown of social order in the past few months sporadic riots and looting have broken out while a wave of mysterious murders in east Java has killed nearly two hundred people since August.

- The M.P.R. Indonesia's highest legislative body has the dunting task of rebending the country's political system and setting new election laws. President Habibi promises the meeting will be what he calls a milestone for democracy but he faces a cynical audience. The key now say analysts rests with the military. If they can keep order in the next week it will give the M.P.R. a chance to prove itself, a chance it can't afford to miss. Maria Ressa CNN Jakarta.

- Clashes between Serbian police and Ethnic Albanians in Kosovo continue. Despite a strong push by the West for a peace deal in the Yugoslav province. The Kosovo Liberation Army has moved its forces into some positions vacated by Serb forces last month. Over the weekend more than one thousand K.L.A. fighters pledged to battle to unite Kosovo with other territories populated by ethnic Albanians.

- Central American countries hit hardest by Hurricane Mitch are asking the International Community to reduce or restructure their death payments. The deadliest Atlantic storm in two centuries has also been one of the most economically devastating. An estimated three million people are homeless across the region and crops and businesses have been wiped out. The leaders of Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala met Monday to develop a coordinated plan to prevent widespread starvation and disease. The US Military described its efforts to help.

- Today that effort has transitioned more to the distribution of emergency supplies, food, water purification kits, plastic shedding for shelter, medicine, medical evacuation of individuals who are injured in the original catastrophe but had not had an opportunity to be attended to, as well as preventive medicine to try to prevent the outbreak of diseases in the area.

- Hurricane Mitch has killed as many as eleven thousand people across the region and the surviving family members are struggling to give their loved ones a final resting place. CNN's Sean Jasing reports on the situation in El Salvador.

- Alas in life so in death. Space in San Salvador is scarce even in the best of times. Now faced with burying the victims of Hurricane Mitch many in the Salvadorian capital confront another trauma. Finding a grave site in a public cemetery near their home.

- You can see looking around through that endless cemetery, there is nowhere for people to bury their family. It is full.

- The shortage of burial sites is a major crisis in the enthusiastically religious nation. The problem is compounded by a twelve hundred dollar price tag for private burial. Not an option for most people in a country where half the population lives below the poverty line. Before the storm many residents buried their loved ones in neighboring towns, but now even those public grave sites are filled up. According to municipal reports the suburban town of Mexicanos, San Marcos, Cuscatlan and Delgado have all closed their cemeteries due to the lack of space and that's despite the fact that many bodies have been buried in old, formally occupied tombs. As the leaders of El Salvador and other central American nations pond the strategies for how to deal with the devastation in their countries many Salvadorian try to bitter a respect for farewell to relatives. But than space as well as time has run out. Sean Jasing CNN.

- In Britain lawyers for former Chile leader Augusto Pinochet tried to turn the tables on prosecutors, they argue that extraditing Pinochet to Spain might destabilize Chile's democracy. CNN's Richard Blystone reports

- For Chile general Pinochet's lawyers told the Lawlords that it's a question of balance justice and stability. For anti-Pinochet demonstrators it's a question of balancing injustice with justice. While protesters waited outside the House of Lords, and lawsomes have waited in eight other European countries, Britain's highest appeals court heard that ever since the bringing of the General to trial in Europe are already biding tension between right and left back home in Chile, where he was given immunity when he gave up power. A showtrial in a foreign land is not justice the ex-leader said in the weekend's statement from the luxurious North London Clinic where he is detained. My fellow citizens have come to terms with our nation's past he added, they are my true judges. Prosecutors and Human Rights advocates say International Law, not National law should rule in this case, and International law holds no immunities for heads of states in alleged crimes against humanity. If the Lawlords agree and reverse the lower court they will make International legal history.

- It is likely that the House of Lords really would be used in other jurisdictions in other countries as a precedent.

- Other figures like Iraqi president Saddam Hussein and Yugoslav president Slobodan Milosevic by then find themselves more vulnerable to charges against them.

- If the Lawlords back up the lower court general Pinochet will be free to fly back to the comparative safety of Chile. But that will not be the last of the growing campaign to put teeth into international human rights pronouncements. Richard Blystone CNN London.

- Coming up on World news from Washington, a centuries old invasion by a French armada an explosion of discovery and excitement today story just ahead.

- The Highest Court in the US hindering Bill Clinton another legal defeat. The decision could open the door for Clinton lawyer Bruce Lindsay to face a more detailed growling about conversations concerning former White House aid Monica Lewinsky. The Supreme Court let stand a lower court ruling saying the president's lawyer does not enjoy the confident chalets of attorney kind privilege, because in this case Bruce Lindsay is in fact a White House Council, not his personal lawyer.

- Less than a week after the elections and the fallout for US pollisticians is still coming from those poll results. Louisiana Congressman Bob Livingstone now appears to be the heir apparent for speaker of the house, the third most powerful job in government. Newt Gingrich announced his resignation after disappointing showing by republican congressional candidates. He says he will remain active in public life after taking some time off.

- Three centuries ago a French armada met disaster off the coasts of what is now Venezuela, but today what remains of those ships is causing elation amongst scientists. CNN's Martin Savage has the story.

- The discovery is being called one of the greatest finds in the history of shipwrecks. Relying on a map from a French naval museum in Paris researchers have uncovered a treasure-trout in the watery graveyards off the cost of Venezuela. The rags surveyed to those of French warships the fleet was attempting an invasion on the Dutch held Curosa Island in sixteen seventy eight but was thwarted by some navigation trickery.

- When these ships wrecked there was an allegiance to the Spanish armada for port harbor it was a tremendous loss for the French it virtually was the end of French sea-born power in this area of the world.

- But what really has scientists excited is the discovery of two wrecked pirate-ships that meant the degree of the ill-treated armada.

- I believe we found two of these pirate ships at the very sudden end of the reef. We found seven unopened barrels, and what appears to be an unopened chest, cannons, you know tools of musket shot.

- None of these artifacts have been removed from the ocean floor and efforts are on the way to have the site protected as an underwater museum. Martin Savage CNN.

- Next on CNN is Q&A and we are joined by Rhiz Khan, Rhiz what are you talking about today?

- Ah, Sonia we're going to Asia, the Philippines is a nation that has done better than most during Asia's financial crisis, but political turmoil in the region is starting to grow. Former Philippines president Fidel Rhamos joins Q&A to talk about fiscal policy, IMF bailouts and the demise of some of the region's long term rulers. If you have a question start calling now the phone number is 1-404-525-6888 we hope to hear from you in just a few minutes on Q&A but right now Sonia back to you.

- Thanks Rhiz. And that's all for this edition of world news from Washington. From us all thank you for joining us, I am Sonia Ruseler.

- Hello and welcome. Ahead on world news Iraq holds to its weapons inspections ban, the United States warns time is running out. Food, clothing, medicine and money for Central American countries in desperate need of help and hope. And Germany's new Chancellor and his news centralist government his first challenge unemployment.

- Iraqi officials continue to dig in the heals refusing to reverse course in the ten days standoff with United Nations weapons inspectors. Meanwhile planning for possible military interventions by the US and its allies is moving forward. Although no final decisions have been made. Our coverage begins in Baghdad with CNN's Jane Arraf. Jane!

- Sonia, even with the Pentagon sending more forces to the Gulf, Baghdad is still stopping short with doing what the US said it needs to do to avert a military attack reverse its ban on weapons inspectors. Baghdad is hoping and said that pressure for a diplomatic solution is mounting as well.

- Iraq with the help of its friends is still lowing firm to its ban on weapons inspection. A ten day trade fair which brought together the biggest group of influential officials and businessmen since the Gulf War closed Tuesday. Baghdad said lifting sanctions was still the bottom line of its standoff.

- There is no hope for cooperation with any special commission unless there is a concrete evidence that the sanction is going to be lifted.

- Although there has been widespread criticism of Iraq's sudden decision to break ties with UNSCOM virtually no one in the region wants to see a military attack.

- The Arab world and I think all the Muslim world we are against any military strike against Iraq.

- Iraq is asking his allies to put pressure on the Security Council to make an offer it can accept. A review that it feels could lead to the lifting of the oil ban if it resumes cooperation with weapons inspectors.

- There doesn't seem to be any deal yet but at the same time Iraq on the advice of its allies is going out of its way not to further inflame the situation. Nuclear inspectors went out on regular monitoring missions Tuesday Iraq is allowing those inspections and remote control cameras trained on some potential chemical biological and long range missile sites. And while the trade fair closed, another doorway opened. This ferry from Dubai made its inaugural voyage Monday forty two passengers arrived in the southern port of Orn Passern. Thirty six hour journey that now insurrect to the Gulf.

- Despite the political tension Baghdad seems relatively calm. Security does seem to have increased over the past few days though. There have been checkpoints on the highways and reports of house to house searches in some neighborhoods to check for army deserters. But there has been no wide scale strongpiling of food and water, that and there has been no panic. People here are resigned to whatever come in their way they say. Sonia?

- Jane, what is Iraq's long term strategy here? They want sanctions lifted and they think this is how they're going to achieve it?

- Iraq seems to have been batting that the political gains it's made since the sanctions were put in place would serve it well. That's because sanctions have gone on for so long. It's been warned down, they warned down the people and there is an enormous sympathy in the region for the suffering of the ordinary Iraqi people. That combined with the fact that a lot of countries that were Iraq's political enemies and still are want to do business with this country and put it in perhaps a better political position than it was. This decision that it took last week seems to have taken even its supporters by surprise and it has been widely criticized, but Iraqi officials say they saw absolutely no point in continuing their cooperation with weapons inspections, once sanctions were in place. And in fact putting up with the inspections and putting up with sanctions. They seem to feel that this is the only way they can draw attention to this and despite the risks perhaps it may be a gamble that could pay off with the prospect of sanctions being lifted is their hope. Sonia?

-And US president Bill Clinton met with his national security advisors Tuesday to discuss options to cripple Iraq's ability to rebuild weapons of mass destruction. CNN's Carl Rochelle joins us from the White House, with the details. Carl what are the options?

- Well all the options are on the table Sonia, that's what the White House tells us and by the way Jane was telling you that Iraq was consulting with its allies well the US is doing the same thing. Madeleine Albright the Secretary of State calling the Russians and President Clinton himself calling well Prime Minister Tony Blair in the, in the UK and Prime Minister Benjamin Netenjahu in Israel to discuss the situation with them. Now the president did meet with his national security advisors at the White House this morning. It was a follow on an update to his request from the officials what the options were both diplomatic and military, he wanted to follow up from the meeting he had on Sunday at Camp David with them. After this morning's meeting Defense Secretary William Cohen said time is running out for Iraq to comply and he indicated the US and the UN have no intention of backing down.

- The Security Council's credibility is on the line the UN's credibility is on the line and I think the US' credibility as well in terms of simply allowing him to flout the, his obligations and I believe that most people now recognize that and if it becomes necessary to take military action I would expect that there would be certainly more support than before.

- State Department Officials say failure to deal with Iraq's noncompliance would be due in weapons inspectors inspecting for weapons of mass destructions would have long reaching complications.

- But if he continues to block UNSCOM and we do not respond, he will be able to reconstitute his weapons of mass destructions in a matter of months not years, and if we fail to act he will feel emboldened to threaten the region further armed with weapons of mass destruction.

- US officials say there are sufficient military assets in the region now to deal with the issue if it comes down to the military option including an aircraft carrier the Eisenhower and eight surface ships or eight ships capable of launching cruise missiles. Now today Defence Secretary Cohen said he had ordered the enterprise with the schedule to head into the region to go quicktime to get there faster so they would have at least two carriers on station for the present time. Sonia.

- Carl the President is due to leave Washington at the end of this week. What kind of timetable would we be discussing if they would go ahead with the military option.

- Well they have indicated that they are considering and only considering at this point that there may be some need to either shorten that trip it's to the Asian Pacific Economic Conference known as APEC it's being held in Malaysia. He was due to leave Saturday and they still considering whether it may be necessary to shorten or perhaps even cancel that altogether if they go to a military option. But we were told that maybe several days before any decision on what options are made and for the moment that trip remains on. Sonia.

- The World Bank and several European nations pledged more aid money Tuesday for the Hurricane Mitch recovery effort in Central America. Fears of disease and starvation, damage estimated into billions of dollars have led the region's leaders to call for a massive International aid package modeled after World War Two's Marshall Plan for Europe. CNN's Lucia Newman now on efforts to cope in Honduras.

- Riley Wooten a fireman who's been recovering the bodies of the victims of Hurricane Mitch all week wades into this house following reports that a corpse clogged in and it is trapped inside. A particularly difficult entry because this was his house.

- This house was built for my grandmother in nineteen twenty nine and my mother grew up here I grew up here, what can I tell you, it's you know it's hard.

- It's difficult for everyone hit by the hurricane but especially those who are loosing hope of ever finding their missing loved ones, as the task becomes more difficult.

- It is very hard especially when we have the surviving members there, you know begging us to get their family out, and it's impossible as you can see. I mean the street, if you see the water level there, that water level is probably four feet right now

- People who've lost their homes their job are feeling the psychological impact.

- We've had headaches, our brain hurts because more than anything we feel traumatized says this woman who's waiting to see the doctor. Here at Camayaguela semi destroyed market place a team of Cuban doctors have set up and emergency clinic to attend to patients, many of whom are suffering from hypertension caused by stress. There's no conciliation no one can tell people here, when life may even approach normality. Lucia Newman CNN Camayaguela, Honduras.

- Ahead on world news from Washington, Germany's new man on the top outlines his agenda, more jobs less taxes.

- In Brussels Tuesday the European Union opened formal talks to expand its membership. Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Estonia and Cyprus are all candidates. Austria's foreign Minister said nothing can stop the tracks towards membership, but he renewed division of whether to allow the divided island of Cyprus into the Union is threatening to block the tracks. Turkish Cypriots are not even taking part in the membership talks despite a call from the Greek Cypriot foreign minister.

- And its desire to see what Turkish Cypriot Compatriots to participate with us in the efforts for joining the European Union, and of course the official invitation made by President Clerides for them to nominate their delegates to the negotiating team still stands...

- Greece has warned that it will vote against any membership expansion if Cyprus is blocked from joining.

- Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder unveiled his agenda for getting Germany out of its dull rounds in an inaugural address to Parliament Tuesday. CNN's Bettina Rusder reports on the man and his plan.

- After sixteen years of Helmut Kohl at the helm Germans learned on Tuesday with a new man at the top lands for the country. The most pressing problem, unemployment.

- We are very much aware of the fact that we pay this election result from this electing success, the fact that we have promised to battle unemployment and we will meet this challenge with every possible measure available to this administration.

- Some four million people are without jobs in Germany and he sharply rebuked hackles from the old government whence, saying they had not done enough to create jobs for young people.

- Mister Schroeder outlined an alliance for jobs between the government business leaders and trade unions. One step in the battle to lower unemployment, tax cuts. The coalition promises fifteen billion marks less taxes over the next few years. But some call ecological taxes on gasoline and heating fuel will go up. A demand by the green coalition partner who also succeeded in the commitment to phase out nuclear power plants. Mister Schroeder criticized the former Kohl government, saying the debt had grown to more than a trillion marks and every fourth mark was spent on interest payments. Responding to criticism over the last week since his election that the government was not innovative enough in its plans Mister Schroeder outlined his vision of the Germany with a new center. The social democrats urged private citizens and business leaders to give their share to help the country move forward into the next millennium. And we'll have the Germany's neighbors carefully watch every step of the new government, Mister Schroeder gave this assurance: Germany was committed to the NATO alliance the European Union and a peaceful foreign policy. With the Foreign Minister who once protested against the Vietnam War, Mister Schroeder said while some of his generation had disagreed with the United States in the past it now shared a deep friendship and understanding with America. With Europe remembering the end of the First World War this week, the new German Chancellor confirmed once again that the Germans were democrats now because they wanted to be democrats. Bettina Rusder, CNN, Berlin.

- Coming up on world news from Washington, when disaster in the United States a promise to help people rebuild their life, but when is enough, enough?

- The United States has never seen a flood a disaster of the scale of Hurricane Mitch. And while the US government says it does want to help Americans whose homes are destroyed by floods here, there is a limit. No longer does it want to help people rebuild again and again when they live in US flood-prone areas. Emergency Officials outline the problem a short while ago.

- People need to accept the responsibility and the consequences of their choice to live in high risked areas. We should charge people who live in hard risk the fair market rates for insurance.

- After seeing flood losses rise to about four billion dollars a year, the agency that sells insurance in flood-prone areas wants to change its policy. The Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA has identified thirty five thousand properties whose owners have filed two or more flood loss plains that together exceed the property's value. The National Wildlife Federation has studied some of those plains.

- Those properties right now only constitute two percent of the properties that are insured nationwide, yet they account for fully forty percent of all the claims made against the National Flood Insurance Program.

- FEMA now plans to deny flood insurance to honors of high risked buildings to refuse either to elevate them or accept a buyout.

- The most extraordinary case was a single family home in Houston Texas. It was valued at hundred an fourteen thousand dollars. Yet that home received over eight hundred thousand dollars in insurance payments.

- The agency also plans to stop subsidizing insurance. Bottom line, people who live in high risked areas will pay higher risk rates. That won't sit well on property owners along the Russian river near San Francisco. Patricia Opatz sells real estate.

- The fact that are going to have to pay a lot more franchise is gonna, you may hear an outcry. There will be no doubt about it.

- FEMA also plans to call for a hot to development, wood plains and wetlands. Areas that it left in their natural state soak up water and limit floods. FEMA says the plan if approved by Congress will save nearly a billion dollars over the next ten years. Tom Watkins, Headline News.

- People form all over the world travel to the United States to enjoy sometimes the breathtaking beauty of its National Parks. For the past few years they had to pay a controversial entrance fee for that privilege. CNN's Jim Hill reports on the debate raging over America's National Parks.

- The trail in the Los Padres National Forest is well maintained, and firm under foot. Far above Santa Barbara California the view is spectacular.

- The distant peek there is the figure of a mountain. But to park your car and take a hike in a natural forest like this will cost you. And that has outraged some outdoors people.

- The very idea that they can charge someone to just walk, hike, watch the sunset up in the forest is just the worst thing imaginable to me.

- In nineteen ninety six Congress established a trial program to make outdoor users pay as they go. Anyone parking a car in a national forest for recreation must have an adventure pass. Five dollars a visit or thirty bucks a year.

- I really truly believe that public lands are going to depend on people who use them to help support them.

- The money pay is for improvements, like the trail above Santa Barbara. Cleaning up this shooting range, or building restrooms. This used to come from taxpayers and opponents of the adventure pass say it should have stayed that way.

- They're trying to sell us the use of our own land that has always been paid for out of our taxes.

- But Congress has steadily cut the forest budget, and some outdoor groups say the adventure pass is needed to take up the slag.

- We'd become convinced that it'll take a combination of general funds and user fees to do that.

- Other groups though say timber and cattle companies should pay their fair share.

- When I paid my taxes, they're not going to support my recreational use of this forest, they're being siphoned off to subsidize timber cutting and cattle raising elsewhere on the national forest system.

- Three years from now Congress will debate whether to make the adventure pass program permanent, decide whether it's a true benefit for the national forest land or more like a blister on the heel of the outdoor loving public. Jim Hill, CNN, Los Padres National Forest, California.

- Well Q&A is next on CNN and Rhiz Kahn joins us now with the preview. Rhiz the World Bank has just announced two million dollars for the Hurricane Mitch countries.

- Well Sonia, we're gonna look at that, using foreign aid wisely, which countries make the most of the assistance they are given, the world bank has released a report on what's being done right and where, but aid is being cut back badly. Find out more on Q&A where the World Bank Economist Herald Rupport joins me. If you have a question start calling now the phone number is 1-404-525-6888 we'll hear from in a few minutes on Q&A. Right now Sonia it's back to you.

- Thanks Rhiz, that's all for this edition of world news from Washington, thank you for joining us, I'm Sonia Ruseler.

- Hello and welcome. Ahead on world news from Washington. Life on edge in Baghdad with more rhetoric points to military intervention the timing unknown. And protests take a deadly turn in Jakarta police crack down on pro-democracy protesters.

- Here in Washington top US National Security Officials are holding another White House meeting to discuss the current showdown with Iraq. Earlier Friday President Bill Clinton said Iraq's President Saddam Hussein still has it within his hands to avoid US military strikes. The key resuming full co-operation with United Nations' Weapons Inspectors. Well CNN's Christiane Amanpour is in Baghdad with the latest from there on Iraq's position. Christiane!

- Well there is no over sign of any diplomacy working and Iraq has told CNN that it expects Russia, France and China to work very hard almost right now at this hour with the UN Secretary General to try to see if they can work out some kind of diplomatic solution. Just as a column note if you like the Iraqi news agency which normally shuts down in about two hours from now has informed its subscribers that it will be open and operating all night. So you can see from that, that everybody here is expecting something.

- If the Iraqi people are praying for deliverance from this latest crisis, it's hard to see where that would come from. Even Russia a friend that has gotten Iraq out of many similar scrapes, and opposes military strikes says events are spinning out of political control. The Russian Ambassador handed a letter to Iraqi president Saddam Hussein from Russian President Boris Yeltsin and afterward Iraq's Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz told CNN that Russia, France and China are working hard to try to find a diplomatic way out. Daily newspapers in Iraq report all sorts of international reaction, but not the fact that opposed of Arab Nations are criticizing President Saddam Hussein, saying that he will be blamed for consequences unless he resumes cooperation with the UN weapons inspectors. After so many of these crises, people here are fatalistic. I haven't taken any precautions says Isgham Daa, we're not afraid of their threats. Once, twice or three times we're used to it. UN officials are taking precautions those who remain are even converting their office into temporary sleeping quarters. As they try to keep the flow of food and medical aid to the people.

- We are trying in a very politically valid kind of way to do a work that has nothing to do with politics, but something to do with meeting basic needs of, of people.

- The whole Humanitarian Program could now be in jeopardy. The latest to withdraw are independent inspectors who have to certify the arrival of food and medical in Iraq before it can be paid for and distributed to those in need. Now as we've said there simply is no aversial public indication of any kind of diplomatic track working. The closest to come to that could be a statement that was issued on the Iraqi News Agency today saying that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein has told the Russian in response to what we've just reported an overture from the Russians, has told the Russian that he would be ready to respond to any kind of new agreement or initiative that would take into consideration what the Iraqi desire most and that is a review leading to the lifting of sanctions. This interpreted would mean they are ready to respond to an initiative essentially on their terms, and already that has been knocked down by the United States who say they have heard nothing new in the latest from Baghdad. Sonia?

- All eyes are on the United Nations than the Security Council has scheduled a special meeting on Iraq minutes from now in New York. Secretary General Kofi Annan cut shorter trip to North-Africa to be there. Annan discussed the crisis on the phone with president Clinton earlier the day. The Secretary General has no plans to travel to Baghdad for negotiations despite another public invitation from Iraq's UN Ambassador on Friday. Meanwhile the Chief UN weapons Inspector Richard Butler responded to critical comment about UNSCOM made by Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz Thursday.

- Because I listened to Mister Aziz yesterday and like so many people we're struck by the mood and atmosphere of what he says and I find that a bit depressing. I have to reject utterly what he said about the objectivity of our organization and that if we were intelligence agencies. This is simply nonsense, but look, the minute Mister Aziz is prepared to start work with us he will get backed from me which he has always had which is objectivity and all possible speed. It's his call, if he want's it I'll be there.

- Britain continues to be the most set far supporter of UN's policy on Iraq. On Friday Parliament members and Prime Minister Tony Blair echoed President Clinton's tough rhetoric.

- If he does not change course, he will have to suffer the consequences . If action proves necessary, we will take it with a real sense of responsibility, with a heavy heart, with deep regret. No one wants this, but Saddam Hussein cannot simply go on to find the international Community in this way, and he should not doubt the total seriousness of our purpose.

- There are air-strikes they will be very considerable, they will be getting it by taking out air defenses, radar installations, commander controls and things of that kind. But there's no doubt whatsoever that part of the air campaign will be to do substantial damage to the republican guard and its installations because these are the very means by which Saddam Hussein is able to maintain his reign of terror.

- More on preparations for a possible US military strikes we're joined by CNN's Mark Potter at the Pentagon. Mark, what are US military leaders saying about possible Iraqi targets?

- Well Sonia the Pentagon is not revealing any target specifics, that's all part of their secret attack plan. What US officials are saying generally is that the purpose of an attack would be to degrade Saddam Hussein's ability to put together and deploy weapons of mass destruction and to diminish his ability to attack his neighbors. So that would suggest they said a moment ago, targets such as military facilities, troops, weapons, plants and things like that. Now secretary of State Albright today said that one very important point the administration would like to make is that it wishes to the best average possible to prevent widespread civilian casualties.

- As we consider the possibility of the use of force , we want to, the president wants to make sure that there are as few civilian casualties as possible, I mean we, that is I just want to assure everyone that that is something that we are deeply concerned about.

- Now the administration has ordered the deployment of a hundred and thirty nine aircraft and four thousands troops in this country. None of the planes according to the air-force including the twelve B-fifty two bombers has actually left the con, the US yet, but soon they will be en route. And the purpose of the troop deployment is to protect Iraq's neighbors, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, should they be in Iraqi counter attack. Today the secretary of Defense William Cohen said, ah he echoed actually the administration position that only Saddam Hussein can prevent an attack by allowing weapons inspections to resume.

- The way out is simply to say yes we comply, that has been his obligation since the end of the Persian Golf War it has been his obligation since he signed or negotiated an agreement with Kofi Anan. And at this point all he has to do is to say I'm going to comply with what I agreed to comply with, that's a very easy out for him.

- Sonia I asked for the timetable of the attack, US officials say they are in a position now if called upon to do it but there are no indications here at the Pentagon that anything was eminent, in fact it seems as if, indications are that an attack would be more likely if it comes some time next week after the troops are fully deployed. Sonia?

- And here at CNN we keep monitoring this situation. But now let's move on to Indonesia where downtown Jakarta turned into a battle zone Friday as tens of thousands of students clashed with government troops. By the time a truce was called at least six people were killed scores more injured during protest for political reforms. CNN's Jakarta Bureau Chief Maria Ressa reports this is the worst day of violence since an uprising in may lead to the ousting of former president, Suharto.

- Students just go on firing again this has been a seven hours battle between the students and the, and the military there are far more soldiers here at this point and there are three hundred soldiers and riots here with tear gas and a water cannon, they seem to be missing at this point and part of the reason is that the soldiers are featuring at least three different ways of shooting from three different directions. This particular group from Achbavea University which is about a ten minutes walk away from the parliament has been keeping up their attack against the military, there were just a half hour volley of gunfire then went back to the University but they continue to be defiant gearing the soldiers throwing out molotov cocktails and rocks. At some point students took wood, pieces of wood and crouched behind it using it as a shield to throw molotov cocktails at the soldiers. They are trying very hard to keep the students maintain, maintain them in the university.

- Indonesia's parliament did approve some political changes Friday. Lifted restrictions on political parties and announced the date for general elections next May.

- Ahead on World News from Washington the suffering caused by Hurricane Mitch and the obstacles to relief. And how Japan's financial problems can be measured in feet.

- It is a day by day existence for thousands of hurricane survivors in Nicaragua and Honduras, more than a week after the devastating storm left the region. And there are fears over their faith with predictions of widespread disease so survivors themselves are being asked to look beyond their personal losses and work for the good of all. CNN's Larry Maker reports.

- Residents of Honduras are answering their president's call. Carlos Flores has asked these people to work together rapidly to rebuild their country which was devastated by Hurricane Mitch. In Tegucigalpa the residents and eight workers are shoveling mud, removing the breed and distributing food and other supplies. Despite the tons of aid being sent to Honduras many people are not getting the help they need.

- The possibility of epidemic such as dengue exists as well as respiratory illnesses along with digestive ones are increasing.

- More than nine thousand people have died in Central America as a result of the hurricane and the death talk could rise further. Thousands of people are still missing of both Honduras and Nicaragua. International aid continues to stream in to both countries. Bianca Jagger arrived in the Nicaraguan capital with medicine and food. The former wife of rock star Mick Jagger is leading several humanitarian missions.

- I'm working with Save the Children and later I'll be doing some works with doctors with our borders so I can travel to the Atlantic coast. with Save the Children I'll be visiting the young in Chinendega and the other areas effected. We are bringing with us sixty thousand pounds of medicine and food and later next week we will return with more help.

- The United Nation's World Food Program says it will distribute more than one hundred thousand tons of food to the devastated region. When the less used roads are cleared soon it could take weeks before much needed food and medicine reaches those who need it the most. Larry Maker CNN.

- It's promising to be a cool winter for millions of Russians already struggling to make ends meat. Heavy snowfall has hit Moscow and other areas signaling the start of what promises to be a long cold winter, some forecasters say the worst in thirty years. Bitterly cold temperatures have already claimed at least nine lives this week. At street stalls even the food is frozen and elsewhere food is in short supply along with medicine and fuel, because of the country's current financial crisis.

- World political and trade leaders have been arriving in Malaysia for the annual forum on Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation or APEC, but efforts to aid struggling Asian economies may be hampered by disputes of free trade. Leaving for the summit US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright called on the region to avoid protectionism and to embrace open economic policies. In that regard the US Friday said it is loosing patience with Japan's decision to resist liberalizing it fishy and forestry sectors that has delayed a key APEC free-trade packed.

- Well Japan has not been able to shake its own economic slum. Friday was the final day of business for one of the countries banking giants. CNN's Tokyo bureau chief Marina Kamimura has found a way to measure the impact.

- For more than thirty years this woman has laid claim to what she calls Sapporo's top shoe shining spot. But through all these years she says she has never seen business so slow. It wasn't so bad last year she says but this year it's really bad. This spot on the shadows of Hokkai Do Temko Check the region's biggest bank was once one of Sapporo's busiest, that is until the bank has started to draw fewer and fewer customers after it collapsed last fall. People turn Tokyo town during their travels to Hokkai Do they found Sapporo is the worst off she says. Why? They say all the places they used to go to are now bankrupt it's big trouble when a bank goes bust. People don't have anywhere to borrow money from so they can't operate. The shoe shine lady was too shy to give us her name only that she is eighty three years young. She says more than anything she feels it's a shame to see a place with so much history disappear. Marina Kamimura CNN Sapporo, Japan.

- Coming up on world news from Washington, why some internet investors may have happier than usual holidays this year.

- The committee that will hold impeachment hearings into President Clinton's affair with former White House inside Monica Lewinsky has been given additional material from independent council Kenneth Starr. The House Judiciary Committee is said to be reviewing the new evidence which pertains to former Justice apartment official Webster Hubbel, and his business relationship with the president and Mrs. Clinton. The Judiciary Committee will convene two days of hearings with independent council Kenneth Star as the lead witness beginning next Thursday.

- Buying on computer that it is convenient and easy goes without saying, but on-line buying this holiday season is also producing big bonuses for investors who own internet stocks. CNN's Bill Tucker reports.

- Internet retailing or e-tailing is starting to take all as a real alternative the store days buying in catalogues. On-line marketing firm channel seven dot com predicts internet retail revenues will increase eight o-s over the next few years. In visa released this study showing almost half of all shoppers this Christmas plan to do some shopping on-line.

- This should be a good quarter to own these stocks. Advertising is very strong in the fourth quarter, there is a lot of excitement about Christmas but definitely these have highly vouled the stocks.

- Shopping on-line is expected to more than double last year's figures with revenues in ninety eight pushing five billion dollars. Good money, but it's nowhere near catalogue companies that will be in it's sale more than a billion dollars last year alone and that's just one of ten thousand catalogues.

- This year it is estimated that American will spend eighty seven billion dollars from catalogues and that's up from eighty one billion dollars last year.

- But a retail against the really take off there are a few hurdles to clear first. Like easing fears about credit cards secured and building better shopping networks.

- Another one, customer service. A recent survey by Jupiter Communications of one hundred and twenty five cooperated web-sites found that forty two percent took five days or longer to respond to e-mail inquiries. That is if they didn't respond to it at all. Jupiter argues that the web should be setting new standards for customer service, because in cyber space the competition is just a click away. Bill Tucker CNN Financial News New York.

- Just want to bring you clarification information we've brought you about the new evidence which independent council Kenneth Star has sent to the House Committee which will began impeachment hearings on President Clinton. That new evidence relates to Catherine Willie, the volunteer at the White House, former volunteer who accused President Clinton of making an unwanted sexual advance when she was asking for a job. And on a completely separate matter the independent council Kenneth Star has secured an additional fifteen felony count indigment against Webster Hobble, former friend of the Clintons on those counts those finally counts relate stems from an investigation that arose from the Whitewater investigation. Confused? I think we all are.

- Moving on now to other matters on World News from Washington Q&A and Rhiz Kahn, Rhiz it's bad luck day.

- It's supposed to be Sonia. Is there anything else particularly superstitious about?

- I don't know, I think today we're glad it's still hanging in there and we hope it stays lucky.

- Well I guess this should have been a day we all hit away at home doing nothing important, it is Friday the thirteenth a number very unlucky in many countries. What superstitions do you have? How do you look for good luck and keep away the bad stuff? You can start calling now the phone number is 1-404-525-6888 hope to hear from you in just a few minutes on Q&A, but Sonia it is back to you in Washington.

- OK, Rhiz good luck on the show, break a leg as they say. That's all from World News from Washington from us all, thanks for watching.

4 As Friedland writes: "CNN is one; the BBC World Service Television is the only other organization that is actively building an international television network." (Friedland, p.26)

5 All detailed information, and data is based on Lewis A. Friedland's book (Friedland).

6 That means that all formal controls including regulations, laws and rules - such as the existing regulations concerning the invasion of privacy or the copyright laws - apply for CNN.

14 All detailed information, and data is based on Lewis A. Friedland's book (Friedland).

16 Quotations included in this paragraph can be found with specific reference in Lewis A. Friedland's book: Covering the World.

17 See the size of the sample processed in the research carried out by János Rudas and Erzsébet Szamos (Rudas-Szamos) for example. They recorded and examined Kossuth Radio's newscasts during nine days, which compared to my three day interval can be considered as scientifically sufficient, but also proves that my research stands on the level a didactical attempt.

19 BBC World's slogan is "On the hour every hour", and accordingly newscasts appear on the screen at the beginning of each hour, but on CNN despite the similar systematic -although sometimes more changeable - structure, there were few newscasts which would match with BBC World's newscast regularly. Furthermore, the daily newscasts of CNN are much shorter than the regular newscasts on BBC World. Eventually it occurred that there are only two newscasts which almost match with each other (the 9 and 12 o'clock news).

20 In many respects I have taken the work of Rudas and Szamos (Rudas-Szamos) as an example, and I have also borrowed some ideas concerning the categories examined as well.

22 Live conversations in the newscasts of CNN during the 3 days had solely taken place between the presenter and a reporter via satellite connection (e.g.: B.II.3 or B.I.2) and the resulting from that it sometimes takes two or three seconds for the sound of the speaker to get to the receiver. On BBC World the live conversations was always between an expert and the presenter in the studio.

23 Illustration as explained in the antecedents part means any kind of picture, which is shown during the newscast illustrating the words of a reporter or the presenter. I excluded here scenes taken in studios or outside locales because these carry no extra information for the audience.

25 During news units there were several gestures (most typically smile and nodding) which could be found more than once, and so counting the exact frequency of the gestures would not be possible. Consequently if the nodding of the head was constant during the unit, the number signaling nodding will only appear once.

26 Philip Hayton was the presenter of BBC World News on November 13, and Anita Macnaught hosted the newscast on November 9 and 10.

32 CNN International is faster however, since an average newscast takes an average of 1150 minutes per newscast while a BBC World newscast usually takes around 1350 minutes, and they normally cover an equal number of news units.

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