The original intention when founding this periodic edition at
the Department of Hungarian Language of Gyula Juhász Teacher Training
College was to promote multi- and interdisciplinary researches in
textology. To this end (a) it gives space to studies describing paradigms
of textology wishing to put into uniform frame aspects and methods of several
disciplines as well as to studies dealing with particular problems specific
for disciplines, to papers describing research and educational projects
or discussions on textology of any kind. (b) in the form of ovierviews,
recensions it gives information on monographies and studies treating resuits
and problems of textology researches carried on within the frames of disciplines
relevant for textology studies (c) by publishing repertories it tries to
help readers to be better orientated in the bibliography of international
textology literature.
Essays
In the previous article I have dealt with a few aspects of textology
semiotics. In the first part I have outlined the components that constitute
the written and printed text. In the second part I have given a few exaples
that demonstrate the communicative function of the physical revelation
in a text. In the third part I refer to based on the analysis of
the influencial role of the anaphora elements the universally interpreted
meanings (the mental models). In the final part of the article I draw a
number of conclusions with regard to the role of semiotic textology and
the nexus to Didactics in communication research.
The author is involved in researching the units of text construction.
In the following article, the unit examined is comprised of two co-ordinated
relationships (opposites and causatives). Before the background of the
text building relationship between these two connectives is demonstrated,
the author looks at the functions of a syllogism.
This study analyses one of 2 components that exists in manifestation, so that a third component compared to the enthymema of speech can be expanded on. In this analysis, the semiotic interpretation model of speech examples by János S. Petôfi has been used. In the study, the value of spoken and non-spoken resources, together with implication in communication, will all be considered.
The first part of this work addresses the general theoretical-methodological
questions of literary text explanation. The text will discuss the application
of literary interpretation and the concepts of logical semantics to all
kinds of possible worlds. In conclusion, to illustrate the workability
of such a model, an analysis will be made of a short story by István
Örkény
In this paper I will endeavour to develop a procedure for the stylistic examination of a text. This stems from the text linguistic concept results produced by Zoltán Szabó. Through the expansion of his self imposed limits, I will demonstrate here that not only are the central focus points individual and cohesive to a text, but also inextricably tied to, and can effect a life's work. This occurence I will refer to as supertextual cohesion. I will explain the characteristic forms they take in the context of supertextual focus and their areas of activity that reflect a thematic style. The adequate division of supertextual focus points will eventually lead to text unification. It is this that I refer to as the supertext and consider it useful not only in analysing style, but also for the improvement of style characteristics (eventually the style hallmark).
Discussion: Textology, Interpretation, Interdisciplinary. Participants: Imre Békési, Károly Csúri, János L. Nagy, János S. Petôfi
This terminology wordbook is an immediate reference book of semiotic text linguistic words and phrases containing approximately 190 entries and, is based on a model compiled by János S. Petôfi. The contents of this book are considered to be the essential terminology necessary for those who are interested in conducting any form of reserach in this discipline. The entries are comprised of general and traditional terminology, together with those less frequently used theoretical terms which have an informative nature. To assist interpretation and understanding, the structure of this reference book follows the traditional lexicographical rules used in other thematic dictionaries.
Bibliography
Essays
This paper concentrates on the main points of descriptive-explicite
text structure interpretation. The first part presents the constituent
factors and their basis for interpretation first and second levels, together
with their figurative sense for neatness. In the second part a short text
is analysed so that these factors and their basis may be demonstrated as
an example.
The author examines the OPPOSITION and its relation in the surface structures through the German: aber, French: mais, Russian: no, Hungarian: de. It is proven by the author that the OPPOSITION is not between the two subordinate clauses, but between the two Syllogism.
In this work I will endeavour to reveal analyse and group the symbolic
contextuality of László Nagy using Incarnation in Silver
as the relevant subject. The theoretical limits for this examination were
taken from the concept of semiotic textology (VeSReST) developed by János
S. Petôfi. Only by using contextuality is it possible for the interpreter
to use the information obtained from the text and foreign sources to make
a statement of fundamental importance. It then occurs that when this course
is followed the intertextuality aspect will also become a decisive or determining
factor.
The most extensive perspectives of a text to analyse are semiotics. The complete semiotic content of a text requires that the pragmatics, semantics and syntax be individually analysed. Each of these semiotic dimensions will reveal something essential. The pragmatics of the text are the non-verbal factors of communication, including the circumstances that will first of all affect both the sender and receiver. From a semantic perspective, the text appears as a signal that indicates something. The subject reference of the text can be considered a type of thematic formulating the semantic basis of the text. What the analysis of syntax in the construction of a text means, is providing the author with a substantially greater field of analysis than that in the traditional analysis of syntax.
Reviews: From the Literature of Hungarian Text Research
Papers/Essays
In a close semiotic sense the text is an intricate sign or group of signs, which "stands for something else" (stat pro aliquo). Texttheory can examine the semiotic status of a whole text (textsemiotics), or it can enforce a more or less consistent semiotic texttheory within an already valid texttheory. The author cites the results of Charles Morris, A.-J. Greimas and his school (École de Paris), Tzveten Todorov and Julia Kristeva, I.A. Meltschuk, Teun A. van Dijk, János S. Petôfi, the neutral school (Frantisek Miko and Anton Popovic), by the Prague Team of Aesthetics, and at last, the Szeged School (Zoltán Kanyó, Károly Csúri). Eventually the author deals with the possible analyses of the "propiece" of the text by differentiating between event spontaneous story Protext (literary) -text.
This paper is an attempt to work out a so-called model of discourse analysis. The attribute "putative" comes from the Latin verb "puto", meaning originally "to filter", and later "to make clear", "to put in order", and then "to think", "to believe". Here it refers to the aims of the author which were formulated in his lectures at the Loránd Eötvös University during the year 19871988. One of the theoretical principles is that discourse interetation cannot be independent of the "concomitants of communicative process; e.g., gesture, mime, body language and of other factors, such as the communicative situation, the personal experience of the speakers, their knowledge of the world, their associations, presuppositions. Some of the approaches, trends and viewpoints, which are suggested, are as follows: semiotic, pragmatic, sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, cognitive linguistic, hermenutic, the consistency of text, language variants and text types, oral and written language, and the like.
In order to make a trial of his theoretical model of discourse analysis, the author chose a ten-line surrealistic funeral song called "Four Black Horses Are Flying Behind Me" by Katalin Ladik, a remarkable Hungarian postavant-garde poet. Her text takes the reader and hearer into a world of folk myths, beliefs, customs and symbols; an ancient world, an archaic Gesamtkunst and a wolrd of modern happenings; a Trinity of text, music and dancing, tropes of classical rhetoric and topic of folk-songs and European literature; interaction of various levels of consciousness and memory. And this list is not complete.
This discourse model and analysis can be considered a venture to bring us nearer to an understanding of that ancient and everyday wonder, our language.
In this paper the discussion of dual syllogism is continued (see: Szemiotikai szövegtan: Semiotic Texttheory 2, 3854).
Various kinds of "worlds" knowledge, supposition, expectation
etc. are examined on the basis of János S. Petôfi's
Text Structure World Structure Theory and are typically present in the
theorems and the conclusions of dual syllogism. Three main types are differentiated
on the basis of example analyses; these are summarized in the fourth section
of the paper.
The author of this paper writes about one of the most vital characteristic features of contemporary postmodernism the "deconstructed (text)structure" using as an example, James Joyce's Ulysses.
By this term he means that this kind of literary work (this kind of
structure) includes traces of various types of texts and various patterns
of genres. Traditional structural patterns, stylistic characteristics or
genres are ridiculed, caricatured and mocked by the postmodern work of
art; they are torn into pieces, into partial elements.
In my paper Supertextual Cohesion and Stylistics, in: Semiotic Textology 1. Some basic questions of textology (Acta Academiae Paedagogicae Szegediensis, Series Linguistica, Literaria et Aesthetica, 4546 Szeged, ed. by János S. Petôfi and Imre Békési) I made an attempt to elaborate a functional and text-centered style-analysis.
The terms supertextual focus and supertext, were introduced, in order to label the cohesive forces emerging and working at segments which are larger than a text.
I also investigated the thematic-stylistic variations of supertext in respect of stylistic analysis and style-typology.
The explanatory importance of supertext was exploited through the analysis
of three poems, while I tried to assess the typologic variations of supertext
by its intertextual relations.
The study of Petôfi and Benkes is concerned with questions of
the so-called anticipatory-analytical approach of poetic works of art.
The essence of this method is to perfomr first 'creative exercises" on
the rearranged (or incomplete) material of a poem before starting with
this analytical interpretation. The folowing three types of this approach
are dicussed in the study: (1) approach to reconstruct the original physical
manifestation of a poem on the basis of its linearly arranged but not in
'poem-lines" structured lexical material; (2) approach to reconstruct the
original order of the lines of a poem out of the disordered set of the
lines; (3) approach to complement the incomplete text of a poem so that
it becomes both grammatically and poetically acceptable.
Overviews and Reviews from the Issues of Hungarian Textology
Papaers/Essays
The theses intend to contribute to the elaboration of qualitative text-analytical methods applied in the investigation of social communication. Communication is understood as the most important type of interactions by which human beings and institutions are provided information necessary for the coordination of behaviour and for the adaptation to the physical and social environment.
The first part of the paper tries to enlighten the concept of representation. The central question is here how versions (Images) of reality and representations of fictitious worlds are constructed and transmitteds by the use of language and other semiotic systems.
The second part gives attention to the pragmatic aspects of text interpretation. Beyond adapting the wellknown concepts of speech act theory, it focuses on the question how conversational maxims and the mutual knowledge of communicative partners interact in the production and interpretation of verbal texts.
The third part, making distinction between conventional and non-conventional
types of text information, describes the role of (con)textual inferences
in text interpretation. It introduces the concept of prgamatic informativity
by which the interactive force, the "usefulness" of texts is meant. A text
has high pragmatic informative value for an interpreter in a given context
if it strengthens the interpreter's ability to behave appropriately in
the context. Several types of text inferences can be explained by the interpreter's
effort of making texts pragmatically informative.
It is generally held that text linguistics is not a domain of historical
thought. In spite of this fact I have to emphasize that the neglect of
historicity does not result from one or another standards of texts but
from the present state of linguistics, the predominance of synchrony. That
is why we may maintain that the standards of texts do not include historicity,
ont the contrary, they imply it. This implied historicity can be explained,
first of all, by the fact that texts, in their genesis, are defined, among
other facts of external contexts, by historical factors, conditions. This
historical (external) context transforms itself into one of the constituents
of the internal contexts, standards of texts: the historical reality enters
into the organism of texts. This view of the historical dimension of texts
has a productive implication for diachronic stylistic studies, too.
In earlier literature it has often been assumed that the description
of events in a narrative discourse reflects their sequence. In languages
such as Hungarian events are normally desribed by means of perfective verbs.
Consequently, it can be claimed that perfective verbs may be used to advance
the narrative whereas imperfective verbs may not. In French events are
described by means of the passé simple of verbs, thus it may be
stipulated that verbs in the passé simple may push the narrative
forward, whereas the imparfait describes the background of events. Finally,
in English temporal advancement may be brought about by the Past Tense
of achievement and accomplisment of verbs, but not by means of the Past
Tense of process and stative verbs. What is common in Hungarian, French
and English is the role of aspect in the determination of temporal structure.
The difference between these languages is that perfectivity is normally
expressed in Hungarian morphologically, in French be means of lexical meaning
and tense (the passé simple) and in English by means of aspectual
class membership and tense. Consequently, the claim can be formulated in
more general terms as follows: Temporal advancement can be brought about
by means of the perfective aspect. In all the languages considered several
counter-examples to this claim were found, which suggests that it must
be abandoned. It is shown that several counter-examples can easily be handled
by making available lexical information for temporal interpretation. Another
set of counter-examples can only be accounted for in terms of common sense
reasoning. Temporal interpretation must thus be made consistent with (i)
grammatical structure (temporal adverbials, aspect), (ii) lexical information
and (iii) everyday knowledge.
This paper deals with some basic problems of text interpretation, by taking into consideration both the philological approach to poetry and the structuralistic one in the context of Italian Romance scholarship. In order to compare these approaches from a semiotic point of view the following questions are analyzed: (a) how the factors playing a role in the philological and/or structuralistic interpretation of a (poetic) text can be selected; (b) which type of knowledge can be reactivated during the interpretative processes; (c) how the results (and/or the different steps) of the interpretation can be represented. Question (a) concerns the conditions of the text as a "real" object; question (b) concerns the so-called "interpretative bases" in which the common and special knowledge available for the interpreter is stored; question (c) concerns the degree of explicitness of an interpretation. A satisfactory answer to all questions can be given in my opinion in the theoretical framework of Semiotic Textology.
This paper deals with the conception of Jakobson concerning grammar and poetry. I tried to demonstrate how Jakobson's phonological theory determines the limits of his approach to poetry and I criticize this approach from a semiotic textological point of view. The Jakobsonian "Grammar of Poetry" is a very "phonologized" grammar from which a semantic component is nearly completely excluded. It does not diminishes naturally the role he played in the history of linguistics and structural poetics.
This paper presents a method of native language studies for children
aged 1012. Native language studies are taken instrumentally for developing
expressiveness. They cover speech and communication as well as linguistic
textological material, the sentence and utterance are distinguished and
then the sentence is analyzed via morphai into morphemes. Text-processing
is given as much importance as interpretation. Emphasis is put on playfulness,
which makes native language studies a discovery procedure rather than mechanical
learning. The method incorporates the results of contemporary linguistics,
including János S. Petôfi's contributions and the accomplishments
of mathematical and logical semantics. The method, based on a decade of
educational work, has stood the test of time.
The author attempts to formulate some general statements on the significance
of equivalence through a comparative analysis of the versions of one metaphor
in various target language. After a description of some theories of metaphor
translation the analysis of the opposition of formal correspondence and
textual equivalence leads to the conclusion that equivalence is realized
most completely if the translator, during his translating activity, uses
not the language but the function as a starting point, i. e. he determines
what function the metaphor has at a given point of the text and goes on
to find an adequate form of expression in the target language with that
function in mind.
Overviews/Reviews
Bibliography of Bibliographies
Bibliographie Linguistique De l'Année. Text Linguistics
Linguistique du Texte 1988
Special Bibliographies
Journals, Periodicals, Seriei
Miscellaneous
Short Report About the 1st Conference of MTM (Edit Farkas)
Studies Responses
(A) Bibliography of Bibliographies (on Textological Research in General, on Hungarian Textological Research, on Research Concerning the Connectedness of Texts)
Society for Text and Discourse (János S. Petôfi)
Papers/Essays
1. From the basis of empirical data of the coordinated sentences in Hungarian, the sentences with neutral intonation exhibit the properties of "SVO" structure and sentences with contrastive intonation exhibit the properties of "SOV" languages.
2. Gapping (a type of intercepted ellipsis, namely a type of "deletion" between the first and the final NP in the second coordinated clause) can only occur in the coordinated sentences with neutral intonation. In these types of sentences only the predicate part can contain the gapping, and the topic (Aristotelian subject) cannot be affected by the grapping. In these type of sentences the gapping always correlates with the directional constraint for the "missing" constituents (in sense of ROSS (1969)).
3. Ellipsis (a type of "deletion" which starts after the focus and goes to the end of the clause) can only occur in sentences with contrastive intonation. Opposite to the gapping, the ellipsis in the contrastive coordinated sentences can occur in the first and the second clause as well. However, only the common presuppositional part of the two coordinated clauses can be ellipted, and never the prepositional part.
4. In the neutral coordinated sentences the syntactic parallelism between two coordinated sentences is obligatory, the clauses must be in the obligatory neighbourhood, the antecedent clause cannot be after the clause with the ellipsis, in the reconstruction of the missing" constituents of the predicate part cannot be any change in the predicate part itself, and an overt anaphore element cannot refer to the "missing" comstituent from the position of gapping.
5. The coordinated sentences with the contrastive intonation exhibit exactly the opposite properties from perspective of the (4).
The present work is an attempt to solve the problem of contradictory
statements in discourse theory, what is a very important link in the chain
of modern semantic theory. Furthermore, the author strives by separating
semantic and pragmatic aspects to make the theory functionally applicable
and operative in practice (practical research work).
The article represents what kind of analysis seems to be expedient when we want to interpret a literary, presently a prosaic piece, actually a short novel by Lajos Áprily: The Lynx, in a distinct and understandable way.
The author gives full details of how to find and in which order the information hidden in the text, so the interpreter (speaker) can give back the adequat intonation of the work (message, form, style), avoiding to force on it acoustically false or strange tone "from outside". The author reaches the concious planning of sounding (means of sentence-phonetics and textual phonetics) through the examination of textual structure, spatial and temporal relations, smaller textual units, information, content and connections, grammatical structure of textual sentences.
The annexed "notes" enclosed to the article are as follows: the plan of sounding, transcription of a presented interpretation and its description by means of instrumental survey.
In order to detect the main characteristics of the speaker's attitude when addressing his actual and potential audience, I selected the speeches of four Hungarian and three French Prime Ministers, whose political and economic principles, social, cultural and moral backgrounds are obviously diverse.
Significant signs/complexes of signs, further their anaphoric/cataphoric connections on the one hand, predicates implying obligation/defence, possibility/impossibility, desirability/undesirability in the other hand, are selected, classified and differentiated first on the level of the text-group as a whole, then analysed and confronted step by step on the level of every single text. Interpretation being intrinsically linked together with analysis and confrontation, certain unambigous correlations can be detected already after scrutiny of three or four texts. Since I wanted to prove the validity of my first conclusions, I disentangled the typical attitude of the three French speakers by means of deductive steps.
Intelligible correlation of intra- and intertextual correferences with different data of schemes and diagrams seemed to confirm the solidity of my argumentation: out of the seven speakers three could be characterized as unambigously power-inspired and two as solidarity-inspired personalities, one exhibits clearly circumscribed atypical and the last of them ambigous/mixed traits.
Overviews, Reviews
(A) Bibliography of Bibliographies (Semantics, Pragmatics, Cloze)
Journals, Periodicals, Series
Papers/Essays
The paper reveals the ideas and activity of the author in the field
of book illustrations. Graphic illustrations by the author of The Castle
of Prince Bluebeard and of György Faludy's Prison Poetry are included.
The article examines the special compositions of Sándor Weöres:
the ensembles from poems and grafics. The author analyses some compositions
in the theoretical frame of János S. Petôfi and László
Vass. Such practical application means addition to the development of the
interpretation theory in multimedial human communication.
Special emphasis is put on several interpretative properties of physical and linguistic semiotic aspects of the vehicles formed by modern printing technique, typography, etc. through an analysis of representative according to the author's opinion pages chosen from Esterházy-Guide and by making some remarks mainly of descriptive character.
The word tattoo is coming from the Polinesian, and had been used first in the log-book of captain Cook in 1769. It fell into the Hungarian from the English, but there were as well some Hungarian dialectal terms to express the same phenomenon. Bernát Munkácsi gave an account of Vogoul customs of tattoo in 1896 searching the relatives of the Hungarian nation, but above all the Hungarian tattoo is a borrowed phenomenon (through army, prison, sailors etc.).
There was a request for the collecting of tattooes in a linguistical periodical even in 1872 in Hungary but linguistics and ethography have not showed any interest of it.
The Hungarian tattooes are not importantly different from the other European tattooes. But there are a lot of occassional, primitive tattooes, and few artistical ones. We can observe over and above the European patterns special effects of folklore, self-identification and magic of words and names.
This essay is demonstrating the early Hungarian examinations and the organised research of tattoo between 19851987. It is dealing with division, motives, main characteristics of Hungarian tattoo as well. (Other essays were published on semiotical, textological characteristics of textual tattooes Balázs: 1988a., b.)
Taken an illustrated verbo-musical piece written by Zoltán Kodály, the authors analyse how the sign-constituent 'vehiculum' (and its context), 'vehiculum-imago', 'formatio', 'sensus', 'relatum-imago', 'relatum' (and its context) can be interpreted making reference to the particular medium-components, and to the illustrated verbo-musical piece as a whole.
Postscript: An Attempt to Summarize a Common Essay by János S. Petôfi and Marcello La Matina (László Vass)
The exercises (based on the 6th chapter of the "Adventures of Pinocchio" written by C. Collodi) have been done by 1314 years old pupils, who took part on an inter-school competition.
Overviews, Reviews
(A) Semiotics and theory of communication
Short report about the 3rd conference of MTM (Edit Farkas)
Papers/Essays
So as to be sure that the distinctive features I wanted to decipher were typical of Gary/Ajar only, I had to confront his four texts with texts of other novelists appropriately selected.
Thus I analysed altogether ten texts in respect of the distribution of characteritics concerning A): the constitution of narrative and dialogical passages; B): context-bound logical and semantic relations inside the two passages; C): semantic and communicative relations inside the two passages; D): semantic and communicative relations between two passages.
All these characteristics are summarized in the last section (VII: F). The lesson we can draw from full particulars is that in the text of the four writers several distinctive features are definitely different, moreover that texts published by the so called Ajar have well discernible particularities, similar to those of texts signed by Gary.
Five diagrams and eighteen tables inserted in the text and in appendix contribute to demonstrate similarities and dissimilarities of the inner 'model' of the text-producing, specific of Gary/Ajar, R. Queneau, Cl. Roy and Ph. Sollers.
Based on the masterpieces of literary theory and other branches of the art, their principles, and on stylistic, rhetoric and mathematical knowledge, he defines the phenomenon of the compositional type of poetry. After analyzing his hypothesis the author also refers to the cycle-organizing role of the composing principle of the signal-periodical motif-piling type of poetry.
Hypertext features a new type of cohesion, which is realized by the means of links, which are machine supported, multidirectional and multidimensional and represent the exclusive means of cohesion between nodes, the basic units of hypertext.
Nodes are internally characterized by traditional cohesion.
Hypertext supports the dominance of non-linear organization of information similarly to linearity in traditional text, which is supplemented by non-linear approaches.
Hypertext is characterized by coherence, intentionality, acceptability, situationability, intertextuality, informativity, as well, although many of these differ from their realization in traditional verbal texts.
Perception of hypertext is different of that in traditional text as the reader is allowed (and in the same time compelled) to navigate between nodes.
Hypertext allows synchronic and diachronic reading and the hypertext's reader fulfills a new communicative role, as he/she constantly changes the roles of reader and writer.
Hypertext has to be regarded without unnecessarily creating mythology. It allows associativeness to be not only in the deep structure, but on the surface itself. Still, hypertext is not identical with deep structure. Hypertext is designed to be suitable for human reading in contrast to other computerized technologies, but it does not substitute them.
In the author's view by stylistic analysis meant the investigation of the style of written or spoken texts. The starting-point of his model is constituted of two interpretations of the notion of 'text': (1) text is a unified whole, a totality, a global structure, (2) text is an organized complexity. Style is a component of the text, consequently features of 'text' are characteristic of the style too. That is why the model in question implies the same features: (1) the aim of the analysis is its focus on the wholeness, globality of the text and its style; this globality can be effected by exposing a text organizing principle from which all the features and constituents can be deduced, (2) analysis implies the approach of the levels (strata, layers, substructures), furthermore the internal and external contexts of which a text is composed. There are three levels: (1) the 'represented' reality (idea, sentiment etc.; relation to reality), (2) the 'representing' reality, respectively fiction, the 'medium', 'material' by which (1) is visualized, 'represented' (e. g. a landscape, a season, more or less sensations or in the narrative the action, characters, time, place), (3) style. The phases of the analysis are constituted of the successive descriptions of the possible levels and contexts also considered as global structures. This fact also indicates that the inquiry into the style of a text, the proper stylistic analysis is subordinated to an overall, complex text description, in the case of a literary text, to the literary analysis (in other views: descriptive poetics). It is obvious that stylistic analysis as an isolated inquiry which was common in the earlier methodologies, is impracticable today.
Discussion. Actusal Problems in Textology Researches
1. Some Aspects of Researches in Grouping
(A) Bibliographies
Journals, Periodicals, Series
Introduction
In this paper the disciplinary context of the semiotic textological research is described and commented. The disciplines of this context belong to the following four classes: (a) linguistic disciplines (grammar and text linguistics), and (b) disciplines of the textological neighbourhood (poetics, rhetorics, narrativics etc.) on the horizontal level; (c) disciplines of the interdisciplinary foundation (philosophy, semiotics, theory of communication, psychology, sociology etc.), and (d) disciplines applying textological instruments (humanities and sciences) on the vertical level. For the adequate elaboration of the semiotic textology it is necessary to know the mutual relations existing among these four classes.
Papers/Essays
A. Disciplines of the Interdisciplinary Frame
In this paper the frame of the interdisciplinary foundation of the analysis of the human communication is described and commented. The following disciplines belong to this frame: philosophy, semiotics, theory of communication, psychology, sociology/ethnomethodology, disciplines of a formal methodology, and disciplines of an empirical methodology. The adequatness of a theoretical framework for the analysis depends on how the requirements formulated by these disciplines concerning human textprocessing can be satisfied in the instrumentarium of this theoretical framework.
Philosophy
The present contribution rests on the idea that both human communicative behaviour as a whole and scientific inquiry as part of it are determined by the interaction of 'modules'. In accordance with this hypothesis the programme of a modular metascience of semiotic textology is proposed which (a) is 'naturalized' in the Quinean sense, (b) is 'constructive' in that it can contribute to the solution of object-scientific problems and (c) assumes inquiry to be relatively pluralistic. As a result, among other things, the interdisciplinarity of semiotic textology is reinterpreted as a specific manifestation of the constructivity of modular metascience.
Semiotics
The author of the study examines the historical and rational dimensions
of symbolic signs. Symbols are treated as realities of mind. A detailed
study of the uniformity and diversity of languages is also given.
Matti Kuusi's new comparative paremiology was introduced to Hungary during the first half of the sixties. From the same time (i.e. relatively very early) G. L. Permjakov s "structural" and comparative method has been known in Hungary too. This "first" period of Permjakov's work has been understood in Hungary in terms of genre theory and theory of literature. The "second" period of Permjakov, i.e. his "paremiological experiment" was imitated in Hungary more recently. The paper gives some comments and suggestions for further studies regarding both periods.
At the end of the paper the crucial problem of "definition of a proverb" is dealt with. The author keeps his earlier conviction, according to which the proverb is a genre (a group of sub-genres) within the framework of shorter epic forms of poetry/literature. He argues for an international and wide understanding of modern paremiology. In the references only selected publications, documenting the aforesaid modernization of Hungarian paremiology, can be found. It remains a task of a further study to characterize contemporary Hungarian paremiology in its details.
Theory of Communication
After briefly defining the main concepts this paper examines the needs of prospective users as a main pragmatic determinant in finding the most important information of the primary document (original text) reflected in the abstract. A model of the abstracting process is outlined.
As abstracting is a goal-oriented special case of reduction driven by the users' needs it can be approached by examining comprehension by summarization, that applies macrostrategies as its leading strategies.
There is much similarity between comprehension for the purpose of abstracting, indexing and classification. Indexers, classifiers and abstractors work under time constraints and the comprehension is directly followed by generating the required end-product that is already different in all three cases. Note-taking shows similarities, as well. The end-products of these processes are different.
As a communication process abstracting is similar to translation. Nonetheless, abstracting is not intended to be equivalent. It is a heterovalent transposition.
The most popular type of abstracts is the informative one. There are numbers of differences between indicative and informative abstracts. Perhaps the most decisive one that indicative abstracts always contain some kind (often implicit) reference to the original. Informative abstracts are in this regard hardly different from original texts. This means that they can economically provide maximum information in minimum space.
Psychology
Sociology/Anthropology
In this study the main characteristics of the column of the foreign politics of two national daily papers (Népszabadság and Új Magyarország treated in some circles as leftist and conservative, respectively) are illustrated and analyzed, without entering into particulars. Even if changes in viewpoints and/or in the size of the samples could modify the results here presented, these results demonstrate some basic political features of the analyzed period.
Formal Methodologies/Using Computers in Text Analysis
In this paper aspects of the relation between linguistics and logics, and based on the Appendix of Partee's paper "Montague grammar and transformational grammar" some characteristics of the model-theoretic logical interpretation are analzyed.
The aim of this study is to analyse Radnóti Miklós's early poem "Oh light, brightness, brilliant, sunny morning!" using an interactive, computer-based program as an aid of seeking hidden associative points of the poem for other poems and various texts from the same author and others, including the Bible. The hypertext structure created as a result of the analysis could help us to reveal the complex semantic content of the poem.
B. Disciplines of Textology and of its Horizontal Environment 201
B.1. Associated Disciplines of Textology
Poetics the Most Universal Discipline of Various Artistic Creation
Rethoric
Stylistics
The main procedural category of the history of literary style is 'style tendency', in a way equivalent to 'literary trend' (movement, school or, maybe, era). It serves for dividing literary style along diachronic lines. The approach of style tendencies implies both synchronic and diachronic dimensions. At the synchronic level the inquiry is structure-centred whereas at the diachronic level it is succession-centred. Successive tendencies described as synchronic 'cust' are compared and the differences which can be noted are conceived of as outcomes of changes.
As a matter of fact, changes must be viewed not merely as objects of observation, but as objects of explanation, too. The researcher cannot stop at revealing shifts, he also must be concerned with their causes. As for these causes we have to be aware of the fact that we cannot attempt an approach along the lines of say physics, chemistry, since style or in general human events do not follow laws in that sense, they have their own properties that must not be overlooked. That is why we cannot seek what is termed 'internal laws' (at least not today), but only simple explanations of changes.
Components of explanations may be of external and internal character. Constituents of external conditioning are mainly socio-historical, cultural factors, including pragmatic ones, too, which are well-known facts of literary history. The main internal explanations are: (1) antithesis and its collateral cyclism (recurrency), (2) dynamism resulting from intertextual relations and which may bear on transtextuality. Explanation based on external and internal conditioning are to be considered as historically interacting reasons. Their mutual relations may strengthen their explanatory adequacy. As for the explanatory adequacy of the discussed possibilities we have to admit that they have a limit. That is why I also admit that everything I have argued here is a matter in dispute: the issue is still an open question.
B.2. Schools in Textology
B.3. Linguistic Disciplines
Overviews, Reviews
(A) Bibliographies
Journals, Periodicals, Series
Janus
László Vekerdi: Science and Knowledge [Ed. by István Terts]
Marcelo Dascal Dietfried Gerhardus Kuno Lorenz Georg Meggle (Eds): Sprachphilosophie / Philosophy of Language / La philosophie du langage
Teun A. van Dijk: Textwissenschaft
Hofmann/Simon: Problemlösung Hypertext
Miscellanea
Dante Alighieri: La Divina Commedia. Interactive Multimedial Edition
(János S. Petôfi)
Petôfi, S. János: Multi-disciplinary Analysis of a Text
In the article the author introduces and comments on the discipline environment of text researches. In this environment it becomes possible to construct semiotic text disciplines which are able to consider all the aspects of text competence.
Giuseppe Galli: Multi-disciplinary Colloquia and Consequences (1979 1995)
The final results of multidisciplinary colloquia organized at the University
of Macerata are treated. At these annual colloquia organized from the end
of the 70's some central problems of text interpretation have been discussed
by very competent specialists.
Papers/Essays
To a Multi-disciplinary Approach of a Text
A. Disciplines of the Interdisciplinary Frame
Theory of Communication
In his article the author introduces an integrative communication model of reductive character which apparently embraces all (or the most widely known) communicative phenomena and wich can adequately describe (or even explain) these.
Philosophy
The author presents the wisdom of Saint-Exupéry by analyzing his masterpiece, The Little Prince", and by using also his Citadel" and his personal diary (Carnets"). Saint-Exupéry's biography has to be taken also into account. He lost the faith of his childhood, and the relation with his mother was ambivalent. But he was always searching the meaning of human existence and looking for God, whose false image he had lost by the influence of the masters of doubt": Marx, Freud and Nietzsche. We can easily discover important evangelical values in The Little Prince": humility, trust, patience, exchange", service. These values remember the evangelical teaching about spiritual childhood. This humanistic view and this secular" mysticism prepare the way for a faith in God: they prepare human beings to be able to hear the voice of God. The desert, silence, contemplation and hopeful expectation make human hearts sensitive to God's presence, while proud speculative reason may close our way leading to God. On this point, Saint-Exupéry is a disciple of Pascal.
Psychology
Some psychological comments on Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's Le Petit Prince are given in this study concentrating first of all on the connection between author and text.
Semiotics
The author renders an explanation of the cabbalistic meaning of planets in Le Petit Prince, on the basis of codes given by tarot.
Empiric Methodologies
Choosing illustrative material from written and oral tasks of the final of the Hungarian communication contests We live in our Language" in 1995, the author presents two creative-productive exercises which can be regarded as examples for a creative approach to text analysis.
The authors give short comments on verbal creative-productive exercises to prepare textual analysis. The material is Chapters 8 and 9 of Le Petit Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry regarded as relatums of autonomous parts of a text. The exercises were done by pupils of a distinguished Budapest grammar school, students of a Teacher Training College and teacher trainees, respectively, as part of a contest.
The study reviews the results of creative-productive exercises on Chapter 8 of Le Petit Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry taken as French source material. The author focusses on the verbal components of the Chapter referred to. The exercises were done by pupils of a distinguished Budapest grammar school, aged 1718, specialising in French.
B. Disciplines of Textology and of its Horizontal Environment
B.1. Associated Disciplines of Textology
Poetics
Communication on wide area networks has a number of characteristics that differentiate it from oral discourse, telephone conversation, written communication or electronic press.
The medium determines first of all pragamatic characteristics of the discourse.
In contrast to earlier growing importance of visual information, networking concentrates on texts. Electronic communication often acquires characteristics of oral discourse as e-mail messages act as dialogues even the exchange of information is asynchron.
E-mail messages are often hastily produced texts that are more formal than oral discourse but less than written text which may confuse some of its users.
As the Hearer is not physically separated form the body of the message it becomes integral part of the discourse. It is especially true in the case of the Subject that is required by netiquette to be filled in. Netiquette substitutes for stylistic guidelines and becomes organizing principle of the text both in individual e-mail messages and electronic discussion for that address a less determinable target group of the messages.
Rethoric
Text and discourse can be considered a kind of ecosemiosis. The more a text or a discourse proceeds, the more a given recipient gets psychosomatically tired (entropy") and the less new information he/she can perceive and assimilate (negentropy"). This also means that in text and in discourse whilst the predictability of linguistic phenomena increases in all levels of language, the recipients' ability to interpret decreases with tiredness.
Translation can be considered a re-establishment of the ecosemiosis between the ecosystem of a source language and the ecosystem of a target language.
By analysing certain features of the French and the Hungarian texts of Le Petit Prince, the author compares the ecosystems of French and of Hungarian from an ecosemiotic point of view.
Stylistics
The paper includes an application of the author's model to the stylistic analysis of Saint-Exupéry's famous work: The little prince. (On the model, called global 'stylistic analysis', see above in references: Szabó: 1988., 1996.). Analysis in this conception is based on semiotic textology and as such implies the approach of three levels (the represented reality, the representing reality and the style), furthermore two contexts (internal and external ones) of wich a text is composed. The phases of the analysis are constituted of the successive descriptions of the possible levels and contexts considered as global (sub)structure.
As it can seen the inquiry into style is subordinated to an overall, complex description of a literary text governed by a text organizing principle. This principle is here the contrast wich can be concretized textually by this fragment: there are too many contrasts in the flowers". On each level the main constituents which can be deduced from contrasts can be related to the above-mentioned fragment, e.g.: (1) children adults (women not mentioned as distinct, advanced parts of the world the adults regarded as negative characters are represented by this 'flower' motif), (2) the little prince his flower(s), (3) positive synonyms negative synonyms. The flower has negative epithets, too: foppish (hiú), flirtatious (kacér), coquette (coquettish). All these facts are illuminated on intertextual bases by other literary works.
B.2. Schools in Textology
The author in his article deals with various text disciplines and their connection with the environment of these disciplines. The connection is twofold: on the one hand the formation of a workable text discipline can't be imagined without the results of the disciplines of the environment and on the other making clear the tasks of text discipline markedly affects the (re)intrepretation of the sphere of tasks of some disciplines of the environmnet.
Within the frames of a sel-constructed principial construction of meaning (the so called double syllogism) the author gives an analysis of the problem described in the title. It is concluded that in the text of Le Petit Prince a remarkable number of inferences based upon single syllogistic argumentation can be found and there are a number of highly explicite premisses as well. This is characteristic first of all for philological writings as well as children stories and mainly for children stories of philologic character. The second point of the study describes some of the more frequent types of inferences built on double syllogism.
The article has double aims. Taken Chapter 8 of Le Petit Prince as a basis the authors try to ahow the necessity of introducing some (implicite) completion of the text through a coreferential analysis of a text derived from the mental picture of the relatum. Furthermore, an explicite representation of coreferential relations can be realized by applying certain coreferential indexes" and it is also shown how the coreferential analysis contributes to the macrocompositional analysis of the text.
B.3. Linguistic Disciplines
Some consequences and actual problems of the changes in paradigms in
linguistics events in the sixties are described by the author.
C. Macro Textual Sciences
The first Antoine de Saint-Exupéry seems to be a novelist who writes about his job: flying. But his very ambition is other, he wants to find the sens of the life".
He is looking for new literary forms, one of these forms is the poetic
tale. The Little Prince, written in the States in 1943 is a tale, but a
tale which speaks about the essential problems of modernity: loneliness,
the power of the numbers and solidarity.
The study deals with some aspects of the writer of Le Petit Prince and
the Hungarian translator (György Rónay), respectively. The
question is treated by making comparison with events in the Bible and of
modern civilisation.
The author starts out from the concept of intentionality given by Myrna
Gopnik. Furthermore she investigates how (to what extent and by what means)
the intentionality hidden in the literary work appears in children's discourse
formed on the basis of the work. The study shows that pupils aged twelve
appercipiate the inner motives of the hero. Most of them feel the changes:
understand the process of moving away in space and opposing to this, preparing
to return in soul.
The famous tale of Saint-Exupéry induced a great number of the symphatizers to continue the original all over the world. The reviewed Hungarian continuations are different: the first one has a striking individual impression of his author; the second one is missing an author's individual presence; the third one has a special literary technique by the story in the story". The different viewpoints present certain approaches to the original perhaps special Hungarianones, too.
Discussion
Overviews, Reviews
(A) Bibliographies
Bibliographie Linguistique de L' Année. Text Linguistics Linguistique du Texte 1993
(B) Repertories
Journals, Periodicals, Series
Discourse Processes. A Multidisciplinary Journal
Text. An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse
Papiere zur Textlinguistik/Papers in Textlinguistics
Research in Text Theory/Untersuchungen zur Texttheorie
Special Repertories
JelKép
Volumes 115 of Interdisciplinary Annual Colloquia on the Topic of Interpretation (University of Macerata)
Bertalan Pethô (ed.): Post Modernism
Antal Bókay: Theory of Literature in a Modern and Post Modern Age
Gábor Tolcsvai Nagy: Stylistics of the Hungarian Language
Emmanuel Chadeau: Saint-Exupery
Miscellanea
Hungarian Poets on cd-rom (Réka Benkes László Vass)